Smilisca baudinii

Number of Pages: 2Integrative BiologyGeological Science

Smilisca sila

Number of Pages: 2Integrative BiologyGeological Science

Smilisca phaeota

Number of Pages: 2Integrative BiologyGeological Science

The last one: A new species of Osteocephalus (Anura: Hylidae) from Colombia, with comments on the morphological and behavioral diversity within the genus

Uma nova espécie de Osteocephalus (Anura: Hylidae) da Colômbia, com comentários sobre a diversidade morfológica e de comportamentos dentro do gnero. Uma espécie notável e nãodescrita de Osteocephalus das encostas amazônicas dos Andes, no Departamento de Putumayo, no sul da Colômbia, é membro do grupo Osteocephalus buckleyi. Além de caracteres morfológicos menores, a nova espécie difere de todos os outros membros do grupo por apresentar íris amarela dourada com uma faixa preta horizontal mediana. A diversidade no comportamento morfológico e reprodutivo revela várias características flogeneticamente signifcativas, mas várias espécies ainda precisam ser descritas.Una nueva especie de Osteocephalus (Anura: Hylidae) de Colombia, con comentarios sobre la diversidad morfológica y conductual dentro del género. Una llamativa especie no descrita de Osteocephalus de las laderas amazónicas de los Andes en Departamento de Putumayo en el sur de Colombia es miembro del Grupo Osteocephalus buckleyi. Además de los caracteres morfológicos menores, la nueva especie difere de todos los demás miembros del grupo por tener un iris amarillo dorado con una franja negra horizontal mediana. La diversidad en morfología y comportamiento reproductivo revela varias características que son flogenéticamente signifcativas, pero quedan por describir varias especies.A new species of Osteocephalus (Anura: Hylidae) from Colombia, with comments on the morphological and behavioral diversity within the genus. A striking, undescribed species of Osteocephalus from the Amazonian slopes of the Andes in Departamento de Putumayo in southern Colombia is a member of the Osteocephalus buckleyi Group. Aside from minor morphological characters, the new species differs from all other members of the group by having a golden yellow iris with a median horizontal black stripe. The diversity in morphological and reproductive behavior reveals various features that are phylogenetically signifcant, but several species remain to be described

Smilisca

Number of Pages: 2Integrative BiologyGeological Science

Frogs of the genus Eleutherodactylus (Leptodactylidae) in the cordillera occidental in Peru with descriptions of three new species

Three new species of Eleutherodactylus are described from the Río Zaña Valley in the Pacific versant of the Cordillera Occidental in the Departamento de Cajamarca, Peru. One of the species is a member of the Eleutherodactylus conspicillatus Group, and two are members of the Eleutherodactylus unistrigatus Group. We recognize 15 species of Eleutherodactylus in the Cordillera Occidental; 10 of these species are reported for the first time from the Cordillera Occidental. Four of these species are shared with the Cordillera Occidental in Ecuador, and five are shared with the Cordillera de Huancabamba in northern Peru

Filtration of Gene Trees From 9,000 Exons, Introns, and UCEs Disentangles Conflicting Phylogenomic Relationships in Tree Frogs (Hylidae)

An emerging challenge in interpreting phylogenomic data sets is that concatenation and multi-species coalescent summary species tree approaches may produce conflicting results. Concatenation is problematic because it can strongly support an incorrect topology when incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) results in elevated gene-tree discordance. Conversely, summary species tree methods account for ILS to recover the correct topology, but these methods do not account for erroneous gene trees (“EGTs”) resulting from gene tree estimation error (GTEE). Third, site-based and full-likelihood methods promise to alleviate GTEE as these methods use the sequence data from alignments. To understand the impact of GTEE on species tree estimation in Hylidae tree frogs, we use an expansive data set of ∼9,000 exons, introns, and ultra-conserved elements and initially found conflict between all three types of analytical methods. We filtered EGTs using alignment metrics that could lead to GTEE (length, parsimony-informative sites, and missing data) and found that removing shorter, less informative alignments reconciled the conflict between concatenation and summary species tree methods with increased gene concordance, with the filtered topologies matching expected results from past studies. Contrarily, site-based and full-likelihood methods were mixed where one method was consistent with past studies and the other varied markedly. Critical to other studies, these results suggest a widespread conflation of ILS and GTEE, where EGTs rather than ILS are driving discordance. Finally, we apply these recommendations to an R package named PhyloConfigR, which facilitates phylogenetic software setup, summarizes alignments, and provides tools for filtering alignments and gene trees

Tres especies nuevas de Pristimantis (Lissamphibia: Anura) en los bosques montanos de la Cordillera Yanachaga en el centro del Perú

We describe three additional new species of Pristimantis from the Cordillera Yanachaga, a part of the Andes in central Peru. Analyses of DNA sequences of the mitochondrial rRNA genes show that one species is a close relative of P. bipunctatus (P. conspicillatus Group), another is a close relative of P. stictogaster (P. peruvianus Group), and the third is related to several species in the P. unistrigatus Group. The first two species are morphologically similar to their closest relatives but occur at lower elevations. Twenty-nine species of Pristimantis and Phrynopus are known from the vicinity of the Cordillera Yanachaga. The number of species, especially of Pristimantis, is high in the humid montane forest in comparison with other sites in humid montane forests in Peru, but the number is lower than on the western slopes of the Andes in Ecuador.Describimos tres especies nuevas de Pristimantis provenientes de la Cordillera Yanachaga, en los Andes del centro del Perú. Los análisis de las secuencias de ADN mitocondrial de genes ribosomales muestran que una de las especies está cercanamente relacionada con P. bipunctatus (Grupo P. conspicillatus), la segunda especie con P. stictogaster (Grupo P. peruvianus) y la tercera con varias especies del Grupo P. unistrigatus. Las primeras dos especies son morfológicamente similares a sus respectivas especies hermanas, pero sin embargo habitan en elevaciones más bajas. Se conocen 29 especies de ranas del g´nero Phrynopus y Pristimantis en las inmediaciones de la Cordillera Yanachaga. Esta diversidad de especies, particularmente de Pristimantis, es elevada en comparación con otras localidades de características similares en el Perú; sin embargo, es menor a la reportada en la vertiente occidental de los Andes del Ecuador