Sedimentología e Icnología de deltas fluvio-dominados afectados por descargas hiperpícnicas de la Formación Lajas (Jurásico Medio), Cuenca Neuquina, Argentina

En las áreas de Portada Covunco y Sierra de la Vaca Muerta, la Formación Lajas representa una sucesión deltaica fluvio-dominada integrada por depósitos de prodelta y frente deltaico, afectados por descargas hiperpícnicas y reelaborados por acción de oleaje (normal y de tormenta). Los depósitos de prodelta muestran una marcada geometría tabular con alternancia entre fangolitas y areniscas finas con abundante contenido de materia orgánica y desarrollo de una icnofacies de Cruziana empobrecida. Los depósitos de frente deltaico, integrados por fangolitas, areniscas finas a gruesas y conglomerados finos, presentan cuerpos de geometría tabular con desarrollo de las icnofacies de Skolithos y Glossifungites, esta última relacionada a la avulsión de lóbulos deltaicos. La progradación normal del sistema deltaico muestra intervalos estratigráficos integrados por cuerpos lenticulares y tabulares de espesor variable asignados a canales y lóbulos hiperpícnicos. Internamente estos depósitos presentan un pasaje transicional y recurrente entre diferentes estructuras sedimentarias con marcadas variaciones texturales, múltiples superficies de reactivación interna, y abundante contenido de materia orgánica. Los sistemas de canales hiperpícnicos muestran dimensiones y estilos de relleno diferentes. Al pie de las zonas de mayor gradiente, las descargas hiperpícnicas generaron canales mayores con relleno agradacional, mientras que en posiciones de menor gradiente del sistema, se desarrollaron canales de alta sinuosidad. En las zonas donde el flujo hiperpícnico perdió confinamiento se produjo la acumulación de sistemas de lóbulos hiperpícnicos. La presencia de niveles de conglomerados afectados por acción de oleaje coronando los arreglos, marcan los planos de pausa en la sedimentación, en los cuales se desarrollaron ventanas de colonización para el establecimiento de la fauna bentónica.There are few recognized examples of fluvial-dominated deltaic systems affected by hyperpycnal discharges. The development of predictive models in those systems are essential to understand the distribution of sedimentary facies and for determining the location of the main sandy bodies, which constitute the potential hidrocarbon reservoirs. In Portada Covunco and Sierra de la Vaca Muerta areas (Neuquén, Argentina), the Lajas Formation constitutes an excellent example of a deltaic fluvio-dominated succession consisting of prodelta and deltaic front deposits, affected by hyperpycnal discharges and reworked by wave action (storm and normal wave action). Prodelta deposits show a strongly tabular geometry alternating between mudstones and fine sandstones with abundant organic matter and development of an impoverished Cruziana ichnofacies. Deltaic-front deposits are integrated by mudstones, fine to coarse sandstones and fine conglomerates showing tabular geometries and development of the Skolithos and Glossifungites ichnofacies, the later related to deltaic lobe avulsión. Normal progradation of this deltaic system shows stratigraphic intervals consisting of tabular and lenticular bodies of variable thicknesses assigned to hyperpycnal-channel and lobe systems. Internally, these deposits show transitional and recurrent passages between different sedimentary structures with marked textural variations, multiple internal reactivation surfaces and abundant organic matter content. Hyperpycnal channels systems have different dimensions and fill patterns. At the foot of the areas with the greatest gradients, hyperpycnal discharges produced mayor channels with aggradational fill, whereas in areas with lower gradients, high sinuosity channels developed. Hyperpycnal lobes were accumulated in areas where hyperpycnal flows lost confinement. The presence of conglomeratic levels affected by wave action on top of the lobe deposits indicates pauses in sedimentation during which colonization windows could develope, allowing the establishment of the benthic fauna.Fil: Canale, Nerina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Sede Alto Valle. Instituto de Investigaciones en Paleobiología y Geología; ArgentinaFil: Ponce, Juan Jose. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Sede Alto Valle. Instituto de Investigaciones en Paleobiología y Geología; ArgentinaFil: Carmona, Noelia Beatriz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Sede Alto Valle. Instituto de Investigaciones en Paleobiología y Geología; ArgentinaFil: Drittanti, Daniel. Universidad Nacional del Sur; ArgentinaFil: Olivera, Daniela Elizabeth. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto Geológico del Sur. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Geología. Instituto Geológico del Sur; ArgentinaFil: Martinez, Marcelo Adrian. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto Geológico del Sur. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Geología. Instituto Geológico del Sur; ArgentinaFil: Bournod, Constanza Naimé. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Bahía Blanca. Instituto Geológico del Sur. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Geología. Instituto Geológico del Sur; Argentin

Sedimentología e icnología de un delta fluvio-dominado, Formación Lajas (Jurásico Medio), cuenca Neuquina, Argentina

Fil: Canale, Nerina. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Instituto de Investigación en Paleobiología y Geología; ArgentinaFil: Ponce, Juan J. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigación en Paleobiología y Geología; Argentina.Fil: Ponce, Juan J. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Instituto de Investigación en Paleobiología y Geología; Argentina.Fil: Carmona, Noelia B. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Instituto de Investigación en Paleobiología y Geología; Argentina.Fil: Carmona, Noelia B. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Instituto de Investigación en Paleobiología y Geología; Argentina.Fil: Parada, Martín N. Universidad Nacional de Río Negro. Instituto de Investigación en Paleobiología y Geología; ArgentinaFil: Drittanti, Daniel I. Universidad Nacional del Sur. Departamento de Geología; ArgentinaSedimentologic and ichnologic analysis of the Middle Jurassic Lajas Formation in Bajada de Los Molles area allow recognizing upper offshore-lower shoreface deposits in transition to prodelta, delta front and interdistributary bay succesions. This system is classified as a river-dominated delta due to the presence of distributary channel deposits with huge amounts of particulate organic matter and low diversity and abundance of trace fossils. Hyperpycnites are common in the basal and upper part of the studied section, and form channel-levee and distributary-channel systems, integrated by massive sandstones and load deformation structures, or transitional and recurrent passages of tractive sedimentary structures with abundant particulate organic matter on the foresets. The greatest diversity and abundance of trace fossils are recognized in the upper offshore-lower shoreface deposits where Skolithos and Cruziana ichnofacies occur. Deltaic deposits show trace fossil associations with lower diversity and abundance than the fully marine ones, whereas the hyperpycnite deposits are either unbioturbated or show the lowest diversity and abundance of trace fossils, reflecting the most stressed conditions within the system.El análisis sedimentológico e icnológico de la Formación Lajas (Jurásico Medio) en el área de Bajada de Los Molles permitió reconocer depósitos de offshore superior-shoreface inferior que pasan en transición hacia sucesiones de prodelta, frente deltaico y bahía interdistributaria. La presencia de un gran número de depósitos de canales distributarios con abundante contenido de materia orgánica particulada y la muy baja diversidad y abundancia de trazas fósiles, permiten clasificar a este sistema como un delta de tipo fluvio-dominado. En el tramo basal y superior de la sucesión analizada son comunes los depósitos generados por descargas de densidad hiperpícnicas. Internamente las hiperpicnitas conforman sistemas de canal-albardón y canales distributarios, integrados por areniscas masivas y estructuras de deformación por carga, o por un pasaje transicional y recurrente de estructuras sedimentarias tractivas con abundante presencia de materia orgánica particulada en sus caras de avalancha. La mayor diversidad y abundancia de trazas fósiles se reconoce en los depósitos de offshore superior-shoreface inferior, con desarrollo de las icnofacies de Skolithos y Cruziana. Los depósitos deltaicos muestran un contenido de trazas fósiles con menos abundancia y diversidad respecto de los anteriores, mientras que las hiperpicnitas son los depósitos que muestran la menor diversidad y abundancia de trazas fósiles o la ausencia de estructuras biogénicas, situación que reflejaría la condición de mayor estrés dentro del sistema analizado

Vitamin D and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Bones, Muscles, and Joints

Vitamin D3, or cholecalciferol, is the naturally occurring form of vitamin D that is converted in the skin and hydroxylated in the liver and kidney to the active form found in humans. The main role for vitamin D is calcium homeostasis, and low levels of vitamin D result in lower gastrointestinal absorption of calcium. Vitamin D is also critical for mineralization of bone tissue, muscle function, and coordination. Recent studies have found prevention of bone mass loss and reduction in falls and fractures in patients supplemented with vitamin D. A high percentage of systemic lupus erythematosus patients are reported to have insufficient or deficient levels of vitamin D. This paper reviews the biology of vitamin D, its role in calcium homeostasis, and how it contributes to the maintenance of bone, muscle, and joint function in older adults and individuals with systemic lupus erythematosus

Non-erythropoietic erythropoietin derivatives protect from light-induced and genetic photoreceptor degeneration

Given the high genetic heterogeneity of inherited retinal degenerations (IRDs), a wide applicable treatment would be desirable to halt/slow progressive photoreceptor (PR) cell loss in a mutation-independent manner. In addition to its erythropoietic activity, erythropoietin (EPO) presents neurotrophic characteristics. We have previously shown that adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector-mediated systemic EPO delivery protects from PR degeneration. However, this is associated with an undesired hematocrit increase that could contribute to PR protection. Non-erythropoietic EPO derivatives (EPO-D) are available which allow us to dissect erythropoiesis's role in PR preservation and may be more versatile and safe than EPO as anti-apoptotic agents. We delivered in animal models of light-induced or genetic retinal degeneration either intramuscularly or subretinally AAV vectors encoding EPO or one of the three selected EPO-D: the mutant S100E, the helix A- and B-derived EPO-mimetic peptides. We observed that (i) systemic expression of S100E induces a significantly lower hematocrit increase than EPO and provides similar protection from PR degeneration, and (ii) intraocular expression of EPO-D protects PR from degeneration in the absence of significant hematocrit increase. On the basis of this, we conclude that erythropoiesis is not required for EPO-mediated PR protection. However, the lower efficacy observed when EPO or S100E is expressed intraocularly rather than systemically suggests that hormone systemic effects contribute to PR protection. Unlike S100E, EPO-mimetic peptides preserve PR only when given locally, suggesting that different EPO-D have a different potency or mode of action. In conclusion, our data show that subretinal delivery of AAV vectors encoding EPO-D protects from light-induced and genetic PR degeneration

AAV-mediated photoreceptor transduction of the pig cone-enriched retina

Recent success in clinical trials supports the use of adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors for gene therapy of retinal diseases caused by defects in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). In contrast, evidence of the efficacy of AAV-mediated gene transfer to retinal photoreceptors, the major site of inherited retinal diseases, is less robust. In addition, although AAV-mediated RPE transduction appears efficient, independently of the serotype used and species treated, AAV-mediated photoreceptor gene transfer has not been systematically investigated thus so far in large animal models, which also may allow identifying relevant species-specific differences in AAV-mediated retinal transduction. In the present study, we used the porcine retina, which has a high cone/rod ratio. This feature allows to properly evaluate both cone and rod photoreceptors transduction and compare the transduction characteristics of AAV2/5 and 2/8, the two most efficient AAV vector serotypes for photoreceptor targeting. Here we show that AAV2/5 and 2/8 transduces both RPE and photoreceptors. AAV2/8 infects and transduces photoreceptor more efficiently than AAV2/5, similarly to what we have observed in the murine retina. The use of the photoreceptor-specific rhodopsin promoter restricts transgene expression to porcine rods and cones, and results in photoreceptor transduction levels similar to those obtained with the ubiquitous promoters tested. Finally, immunological, toxicological and biodistribution studies support the safety of AAV subretinal administration to the large porcine retina. The data presented here on AAV-mediated transduction of the cone-enriched porcine retina may affect the development of gene-based therapies for rare and common severe photoreceptor diseases

Dose-dependent effects of vitamin D on transdifferentiation of skeletal muscle cells to adipose cells

Fat infiltration within muscle is one of a number of features of vitamin D deficiency, which leads to a decline in muscle functionality. The origin of this fat is unclear, but one possibility is that it forms from myogenic precursor cells present in the muscle, which transdifferentiate into mature adipocytes. The current study examined the effect of the active form of vitamin D3, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3), on the capacity of the C2C12 muscle cell line to differentiate towards the myogenic and adipogenic lineages. Cells were cultured in myogenic or adipogenic differentiation media containing increasing concentrations (0, 10−13, 10−11, 10−9, 10−7 or 10−5 M) of 1,25(OH)2D3 for up to 6 days and markers of muscle and fat development measured. Mature myofibres were formed in both adipogenic and myogenic media, but fat droplets were only observed in adipogenic media. Relative to controls, low physiological concentrations (10−13 and 10−11 M) of 1,25(OH)2D3 increased fat droplet accumulation, whereas high physiological (10−9 M) and supraphysiological concentrations (≥10−7 M) inhibited fat accumulation. This increased accumulation of fat with low physiological concentrations (10−13 and 10−11 M) was associated with a sequential up-regulation of PPARγ2 (PPARG) and FABP4 mRNA, indicating formation of adipocytes, whereas higher concentrations (≥10−9 M) reduced all these effects, and the highest concentration (10−5 M) appeared to have toxic effects. This is the first study to demonstrate dose-dependent effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 on the transdifferentiation of muscle cells into adipose cells. Low physiological concentrations (possibly mimicking a deficient state) induced adipogenesis, whereas higher (physiological and supraphysiological) concentrations attenuated this effect

Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles (MISEV2023): From basic to advanced approaches

© 2024 The Authors. Journal of Extracellular Vesicles, published by Wiley Periodicals, LLC on behalf of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY), https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Extracellular vesicles (EVs), through their complex cargo, can reflect the state of their cell of origin and change the functions and phenotypes of other cells. These features indicate strong biomarker and therapeutic potential and have generated broad interest, as evidenced by the steady year-on-year increase in the numbers of scientific publications about EVs. Important advances have been made in EV metrology and in understanding and applying EV biology. However, hurdles remain to realising the potential of EVs in domains ranging from basic biology to clinical applications due to challenges in EV nomenclature, separation from non-vesicular extracellular particles, characterisation and functional studies. To address the challenges and opportunities in this rapidly evolving field, the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) updates its 'Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles', which was first published in 2014 and then in 2018 as MISEV2014 and MISEV2018, respectively. The goal of the current document, MISEV2023, is to provide researchers with an updated snapshot of available approaches and their advantages and limitations for production, separation and characterisation of EVs from multiple sources, including cell culture, body fluids and solid tissues. In addition to presenting the latest state of the art in basic principles of EV research, this document also covers advanced techniques and approaches that are currently expanding the boundaries of the field. MISEV2023 also includes new sections on EV release and uptake and a brief discussion of in vivo approaches to study EVs. Compiling feedback from ISEV expert task forces and more than 1000 researchers, this document conveys the current state of EV research to facilitate robust scientific discoveries and move the field forward even more rapidly.Peer reviewe

Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles (MISEV2023): From basic to advanced approaches

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), through their complex cargo, can reflect the state of their cell of origin and change the functions and phenotypes of other cells. These features indicate strong biomarker and therapeutic potential and have generated broad interest, as evidenced by the steady year-on-year increase in the numbers of scientific publications about EVs. Important advances have been made in EV metrology and in understanding and applying EV biology. However, hurdles remain to realising the potential of EVs in domains ranging from basic biology to clinical applications due to challenges in EV nomenclature, separation from non-vesicular extracellular particles, characterisation and functional studies. To address the challenges and opportunities in this rapidly evolving field, the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) updates its 'Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles', which was first published in 2014 and then in 2018 as MISEV2014 and MISEV2018, respectively. The goal of the current document, MISEV2023, is to provide researchers with an updated snapshot of available approaches and their advantages and limitations for production, separation and characterisation of EVs from multiple sources, including cell culture, body fluids and solid tissues. In addition to presenting the latest state of the art in basic principles of EV research, this document also covers advanced techniques and approaches that are currently expanding the boundaries of the field. MISEV2023 also includes new sections on EV release and uptake and a brief discussion of in vivo approaches to study EVs. Compiling feedback from ISEV expert task forces and more than 1000 researchers, this document conveys the current state of EV research to facilitate robust scientific discoveries and move the field forward even more rapidly

Ichnology in deltaic mouth bar systems of the Lajas Formation (Middle Jurassic) in Sierra de la Vaca Muerta, Neuquén Basin, Argentina.

Ichnologic and sedimentologic studies of the Lajas Formation (Middle Jurassic) in Sierra de la Vaca Muerta allowed the recognitionof two different types of deltaic mouth bars, each of them showing trace fossil suites with different characteristics. Type I deltaic mouth barsconsist of fine to coarse sandstones and fine conglomerates completely reworked by fair-weather and storm wave action, revealing a predominance of basinal hydraulic processes (e.g., waves) during bar construction and progradation. Trace fossil assemblages are composed ofOphiomorpha and Haentzschelinia in the foreset beds, and Polykladichnus, Skolithos, and Arenicolites in the topset beds. Type II deltaic mouth barscomprise sandstones that are fine to coarse and massive or present high angle cross-stratification and current ripples migrating in the opposite direction to the inclination of the foresets. These bars are interpreted to have been deposited during intervals of extraordinary fluvial discharge when wave action was restricted to the topset part of the bars. Whereas equilibrium trace fossils occur in the bottomset beds, escapetrace fossils and Ophiomorpha are recorded in the distal foreset beds. In the topset beds, Skolithos and Polykladichnus specimens are very abundant. In general, the two types of mouth bars show low diversity, low abundance of trace fossils and a simple tiering structure. Such traitsreflect environmental stresses mainly produced by fluctuating hydraulic energy, salinity, sediment input and high mobility of the substrate.Key words. Trace fossil. Fluvio-dominated delta. Wave action. Skolithos ichnofacies.Estudios sedimentológicos e icnológicos de la Formación Lajas (Jurásico medio) en la Sierra de la Vaca Muerta, permitieron reconocer dos tipos de barras de desembocadura deltaicas (Tipo I y Tipo II), con suites de trazas fósiles características. Las barras de Tipo I están compuestas por areniscas finas a gruesas y conglomerados finos, completamente retrabajados por oleaje de buen tiempo y tormenta, sugiriendo que los procesos cuencales (e.g. oleaje) fueron dominantes durante la construcción y progradación de las mismas. Las trazas fósiles están principalmente compuestas por Ophiomorpha y Haentzschelinia en las capas de foreset, y Polykladichnus, Skolithos y Arenicolites en las capas de topset. Las barras de Tipo II comprenden depósitos de areniscas finas a gruesas masivas o con estratificación entrecruzada de alto ángulo, y óndulas de corriente migrando en dirección opuesta a la migración de las caras de avalancha. Estas barras fueron depositadas durante intervalos de descargas fluviales extraordinarias, estando el retrabajo de oleaje restringido a las capas del topset. Estructuras de equilibrio ocurren en las capas del bottomset, trazas de escape y Ophiomorpha en las capas del foreset distal y abundantes especímenes de Skolithos y Polykladichnus en las capas del topset. Como característica general, los dos tipos de barras muestran baja diversidad y abundancia de trazas fósiles y un patrón de escalonamiento simple. Esto refleja un importante estrés ambiental principalmente generado por las fluctuaciones hidráulicas en la energía, salinidad y el aporte de sedimentos, así como por la alta movilidad del sustrato en el sistema.Fil: Canale, Nerina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigación en Paleobiología y Geología; ArgentinaFil: Ponce, Juan Jose. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigación en Paleobiología y Geología; ArgentinaFil: Carmona, Noelia Beatriz. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigación en Paleobiología y Geología; ArgentinaFil: Drittanti, Daniel I.. Universidad Nacional del Sur; Argentin