Climate change and host plant resistance : effects of high temperature and drought on rice R genes' mediated resistance to bacterial blight

[no abstract

Rice pyramided line IRBB67 (Xa4/Xa7) homeostasis under combined stress of high temperature and bacterial blight

Rice bacterial blight (BB) caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) implies substantial yield loss to rice. In times of climate change, increasing temperatures are observed and further acceleration is expected worldwide. Increasing temperature often turns into inhibition of host plant defense to pathogens. Recently, a reduced resistance in rice IRBB4 carrying Xa4, but an increase in resistance in IRBB7 carrying Xa7 resistance by increasing temperature has been reported. Influence of high temperature on both R genes (Xa4+Xa7) combined in IRBB67 was analyzed under growth chamber conditions and transcriptomic analysis performed. The pyramided line IRBB67 showed no differences in lesion length between both temperature regimes, demonstrating that non-effectiveness of Xa4 at high temperature did not affect IRBB67 resistance. Moreover, Xa4 complements Xa7 resistance with no Xoo spread in planta beyond the symptomatic area under both temperature regimes in IRBB67. Time course transcriptomic analysis revealed that temperature enhanced IRBB67 resistance to combined heat and Xoo. Our findings highlight altered cellular compartments and point at a role of the cell wall involved in Xoo resistance and heat stress tolerance in both susceptible (IR24) and the resistant (IRBB67) NILs. Interestingly, up-regulation of trehalose-6-phosphatase gene and low affinity cation transporter in IRBB67 suggest that IRBB67 maintained a certain homeostasis under high temperature which may have enhanced its resistance. The interplay of both heat stress and Xoo responses as determined by up-regulated and down-regulated genes demonstrates how resistant plants cope with combined biotic and abiotic stresses. © 2020, The Author(s)

Rice-Infecting Pseudomonas Genomes Are Highly Accessorized and Harbor Multiple Putative Virulence Mechanisms to Cause Sheath Brown Rot

Sheath rot complex and seed discoloration in rice involve a number of pathogenic bacteria that cannot be associated with distinctive symptoms. These pathogens can easily travel on asymptomatic seeds and therefore represent a threat to rice cropping systems. Among the rice-infecting Pseudomonas, P. fuscovaginae has been associated with sheath brown rot disease in several rice growing areas around the world. The appearance of a similar Pseudomonas population, which here we named P. fuscovaginae-like, represents a perfect opportunity to understand common genomic features that can explain the infection mechanism in rice. We showed that the novel population is indeed closely related to P. fuscovaginae. A comparative genomics approach on eight rice-infecting Pseudomonas revealed heterogeneous genomes and a high number of strain-specific genes. The genomes of P. fuscovaginae-like harbor four secretion systems (Type I, II, III, and VI) and other important pathogenicity machinery that could probably facilitate rice colonization. We identified 123 core secreted proteins, most of which have strong signatures of positive selection suggesting functional adaptation. Transcript accumulation of putative pathogenicity-related genes during rice colonization revealed a concerted virulence mechanism. The study suggests that rice-infecting Pseudomonas causing sheath brown rot are intrinsically diverse and maintain a variable set of metabolic capabilities as a potential strategy to occupy a range of environments.Consortium for International Agricultural Research (CGIAR)Global Rice Science Partnership (GRiSP

Combined effects of soil silicon and host plant resistance on planthoppers, blast and bacterial blight in tropical rice

Soil silicon enhances rice defenses against a range of biotic stresses. However, the magnitude of these effects can depend on the nature of the rice variety. We conducted a series of greenhouse experiments to examine the effects of silicon on planthoppers (Nilaparvata lugens [BPH] and Sogatella furcifera [WBPH]), a leafhopper (Nephotettix virescens [GLH]), blast disease (Magnaporthe grisea) and bacterial blight (Xanthomonas oryzae) in susceptible and resistant rice. We added powdered silica gel (SiO2) to paddy soil at equivalent to 0.25, 1.0, and 4.0 t ha−1. Added silicon reduced BPH nymph settling, but the effect was negligible under high nitrogen. In a choice experiment, BPH egg-laying was lower than untreated controls under all silicon treatments regardless of nitrogen or variety, whereas, in a no-choice experiment, silicon reduced egg-laying on the susceptible but not the resistant (BPH32 gene) variety. Stronger effects in choice experiments suggest that silicon mainly enhanced antixenosis defenses. We found no effects of silicon on WBPH or GLH. Silicon reduced blast damage to susceptible and resistant (Piz, Piz-5 and Pi9 genes) rice. Silicon reduced damage from a virulent strain of bacterial blight but had little effect on a less virulent strain in susceptible and resistant (Xa4, Xa7 and Xa4 + Xa7 genes) varieties. When combined with resistance, silicon had an additive effect in reducing biomass losses to plants infested with bacterial blight (resistance up to 50%; silicon 20%). We discuss how silicon-containing soil amendments can be combined with host resistance to reduce biotic stresses in rice

The genome of rice-infecting <i>Pseudomonas</i> harbor high level of structural polymorphism.

<p>Global comparison of eight rice-infecting <i>Pseudomonas</i> draft genomes using BLASTn. The inner most ring corresponds to the genomic position at IRRI 6609. The second and third rings indicate G+C content and G+C skew, respectively. The rest of the rings indicate presence and absence portions of the eight rice-infecting <i>Pseudomonas</i> draft genomes against IRRI 6609. Solid colors represent genomic regions with hits while white spaced represent gaps. <i>P</i>. <i>fuscovaginae</i> (<i>Pfv</i>) and <i>P</i>. <i>fuscovaginae</i>-like (<i>Pfv</i>-like) strains are depicted. Sequence identity is related to color intensity. Also included are locations of four intact prophage insertions found in <i>Pfv</i>-like IRRI 6609 (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139256#pone.0139256.s004" target="_blank">S4 Fig</a>). The global alignment was visualized using BRIG [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139256#pone.0139256.ref043" target="_blank">43</a>].</p

Nucleotide identity and percentage of orthologous genes obtained in rice-infecting <i>Pseudomonas</i> draft genomes compared to IRRI 6609

<p>^a Identity based on BLASTn results</p><p>Nucleotide identity and percentage of orthologous genes obtained in rice-infecting <i>Pseudomonas</i> draft genomes compared to IRRI 6609</p

Infection caused by <i>P</i>. <i>fuscovaginae</i>-like strain IRRI 7007 in <i>O</i>. <i>sativa</i> cv. Azucena.

<p><b>A)</b> Plants were inoculated at 45 days after transplanting using toothpick method. <b>B)</b> Symptom development along the sheath showing brown necrotic lesions. <b>C)</b> Discolored inner sheath. <b>D)</b> Poorly emerged panicles with brown to dark brown grains. <b>E)</b> Emerged panicles with discolored grains and progressive necrotic stripes at maturity stage.</p

The core secretome of rice-infecting <i>Pseudomonas</i> harbor unique genes.

<p>Conservation of core secreted proteins from rice-infecting <i>Pseudomonas</i> was evaluated in 79 closely related <i>Pseudomonas</i> genomes (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139256#pone.0139256.s008" target="_blank">S1 Table</a>). Columns were sorted by averaging the amino acid identity to identify conserved and species-specific proteins using threshold of 20%. Secreted proteins are also classified in: conserved in all <i>Pseudomonas</i>, non-conserved in all <i>Pseudomonas</i>, and <i>Pfv-</i> and <i>Pfv</i>-like-specific. Horizontal axis describes the number of species used for comparison. The heat map was visualized in CodaChrome [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0139256#pone.0139256.ref040" target="_blank">40</a>]. Homology range values are shown in bottom right.</p