Posttraumatic reactions among firefighters after critical incidents: cross-national data

The presence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and posttraumatic growth (PTG) following a critical incident were examined among firefighters from eight predominantly European countries. A sample of 1916 firefighters completed the Impact of Event Scale–Revised (IES–R) and the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory–Short Form (PTGI–SF) with reference to a critical incident they had experienced. Analyses indicated both negative and positive posttraumatic outcomes could derive from experiencing critical incidents in the line of duty. The analyses also showed country differences exist regarding firefighters’ PTSD symptoms and PTG. It is recommended that future researchers examine factors that could evoke such national differences

Predictors of postevent distress and growth among firefighters after work-related emergencies — A cross-national study

Firefighters may experience posttraumatic stress symptomatology (i.e. post-event distress) as a consequence of exposure to work-related distressing incidents. However, positive psychological changes (i.e. post-event growth) should also be taken into account. The aim of this cross-national study was to investigate both post-event distress and growth in firefighters following distressing incidents. A sample of 1916 firefighters from eight predominantly European countries recalled a work-related distressing incident. Two hierarchical regression analyses were run to reveal predictors of post-event distress and growth, respectively. Predictors included person pre-event characteristics, objective (e.g. type of incident, time since incident, fatalities) and subjective (e.g. perceived life-threat, peri-event distress, most distressing aspect) incident features, and the participant’s country. Post-event distress was measured by the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) and growth by the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory-Short Form (PTGI-SF). The final models explained 29% of the variation in post-event distress and 26% in growth. Post-event distress and growth were predicted by different variables. Country differences were found after controlling for all other variables. Further research is needed to explain these differences

Relationships between firefighters’ post-event distress and growth at different times after distressing incidents

As a consequence of exposure to distressing work-related incidents, firefighters may experience negative symptomatic responses, that is, postevent distress. As well as negative outcomes, empirical studies have documented the experience of growth, that is, positive psychological changes, among first responders after encountering distressing work-related incidents. Postevent distress and growth may evolve independently at different times following a distressing event yet are likely to influence each other. In the present study the impact of distressing work-related incidents on firefighters was investigated, examining the relationship (linear, quadratic, and cubic) between postevent distress and growth. To see what this relationship looked like in the immediate and in the more distant aftermath of distressing incidents, participants were split into 2 groups: those with more recent exposure (i.e., their distressing incident occurred within the past 12 months) and those with more distant exposure (i.e., their distressing incident occurred 13–24 months ago). A sample of 927 firefighters from 8 predominantly European countries completed the Impact of Event Scale–Revised and the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory–Short Form with reference to an incident they perceived to be most stressful. Time since this incident occurred was not significantly associated with growth, but was negatively associated with postevent distress. The relationship between postevent distress and growth at different times was first explored using the loess statistical method. Subsequent multivariate regression analyses produced evidence of both linear and curvilinear relationships between postevent distress and growth. Nevertheless, the cubic model appeared to be the best fit of the data for recent distressing incidents and the quadratic model for more distant distressing incidents. The regression results were consistent with the results of the loess smoothing. Implications for clinical practice are discussed

A descriptive analysis of relations between parents' self-reported smoking behavior and infants' daily exposure to environmental tobacco smoke

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The aims of the present study were to examine relations between parents' self-reported smoking behavior and infants' daily exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, as assessed by urinary cotinine-to-creatinine ratio (CCR), and to describe the CCR over seven days among infants at home.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A convenience sample of 27 households was drawn. Each household had to have at least one daily tobacco smoker and one child up to three years of age. Over a seven-day period, urine samples were obtained from the child daily. To examine relations between parents' self-reported smoking and infants' daily CCR, generalized estimating equation (GEE) analysis was used.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The data revealed that infants from households with indoor smoking had higher CCRs than infants in households with outdoor smoking. CCRs were higher in girls than in boys. Older infants had lower CCRs than younger infants. Smoking outside the home versus inside the home, infant's gender, and infants' age accounted for 68% of the variance in CCR in a GEE data analysis model. No increase or decrease of CCR over time was found.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The findings suggest that parents' self-reported smoking indoors at home versus outdoors is predictive of CCR among infants three and younger. Higher CCR concentrations in girls' urine need further examination. Furthermore, significant fluctuations in daily CCR were not apparent in infants over a seven-day time period.</p

Posttraumatic growth (PTG) and posttraumatic depreciation (PTD) across ten countries: Global validation of the PTG-PTD theoretical model

info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Persönliche Reifung und Disstress in Folge von arbeitsbedingten belastenden Notfalleinsätzen bei europäischem Feuerwehrpersonal

Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war die Untersuchung der Prädiktoren von persönlicher Reifung und Disstress bei europäischem Feuerwehrpersonal nach einer belastenden Notfallversorgung. Darüber hinaus wurde die Beziehung (linear, quadratisch und kubisch) zwischen persönlicher Reifung und Disstress unter Berücksichtigung der seit dem belastenden Einsatz vergangenen Zeit geprüft. Eine multinationale Stichprobe von 1916 Feuerwehrleuten wurde zur Untersuchung herangezogen. Die Probanden beantworteten vollständig die Fragebögen Impact of Event Scale – Revised (IES-R) und den Posttraumatic Growth Inventory – Short Form (PTGI-SF) in Bezug auf die aufreibendste Einsatzsituation, die sie während ihrer Arbeit in den letzten zehn Jahren persönlich erlebt haben. Die Analysen zeigten, dass einige personenbezogene Merkmale mit Distress und/oder Reifung assoziiert waren: Bildungsgrad, Anzahl der Dienstjahre und Anzahl der bereits erlebten lebensbedrohlichen Einsätze. Disstress und Reifung waren nicht assoziiert mit Geschlecht, Alter, Arbeitsstatus und Dienstgrad. Bezüglich der Ereignismerkmale zeigte sich, dass die Art des Einsatzes nicht mit Disstress assoziiert war. Jedoch war das Ereignis Naturkatastrophe positiv assoziiert mit Reifung. Die seit dem Einsatz vergangene Zeit war negativ assoziiert mit Disstress, aber nicht mit Reifung verbunden. Die wahrgenommene Lebensbedrohung und der erlebte Disstress während des Einsatzes waren positiv sowohl mit Disstress als auch Reifung assoziiert. Des Weiteren konnten Länderunterschiede bzgl. Disstress und Reifung aufgezeigt werden. Hinsichtlich der Beziehung von Reifung mit Disstress zeigten die Ergebnisse, dass für Feuerwehrleute, die in den letzten 12 Monaten einen belastenden Einsatz erlebten, eine kubische Beziehung zwischen Reifung und Disstress besteht. Für Feuerwehrleute, bei denen das belastende Ereignis bereits länger zurücklag, konnte eine quadratische Beziehung nachgewiesen werden, d.h. Probanden, die ein mäßiges Ausmaß an Disstress berichten, erfahren höhere Maße von Reifung, im Vergleich zu den Probanden, die ein geringes oder hohes Maß an Disstress berichten. Insgesamt zeigen die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit, dass eine Exposition gegenüber arbeitsbedingten belastenden Einsätzen sowohl negative als auch positive Auswirkungen haben kann. Forscher sollten organisationsbezogene Variablen innerhalb der Feuerwehr identifizieren und untersuchen, welche der Variablen Disstress reduzieren und welche Reifung fördern. Darüber hinaus sollten soziokulturelle Einflüsse in zukünftigen Studien behandelt werden.The aim of the study was to examine predictors of posttraumatic stress symptomatology (i.e. postevent distress) and posttraumatic growth following a critical incident among firefighters. Furthermore, the study investigated the relationship (linear, quadratic, and cubic) between postevent distress and growth at different times after exposure to the distressing incident. A multinational sample of 1916 firefighters was drawn. Participants completed the Impact of Event Scale – Revised (IES – R) and the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory – Short Form (PTGI – SF) in reference to a critical incident they had experienced in the last ten years. There were a few person pre-event characteristics which impacted postevent distress and/or growth, that is, education, years of service and the number life-threatening work-related incidents experienced. No effects of gender, age, working arrangement, or rank were detected. In terms of incident features, no type of incident predicted postevent distress. However, one type, namely natural disasters, was positively associated with growth. Time since the incident was negatively associated with postevent distress, but not associated with growth. Perievent emotional distress and perceived life-threat were positively associated with both postevent distress and growth. Furthermore, country differences existed regarding postevent distress and growth. Regarding the relationship between postevent distress and growth, the results indicated that, for a distressing incident occurring in the past 12 months, a cubic curvilinear relationship might be the best representation. For a distressing incident occurring later in time, a quadratic relationship was revealed, i.e., participants who report intermediate levels of distress experience higher levels of growth than those reporting low or high levels of distress. Altogether, the results of the study showed that exposure to work-related distressing incidents can result in both negative and positive outcomes for firefighters. Researchers should now attempt to identify and examine fire brigade organizational variables that reduce postevent distress and encourage growth. Furthermore, sociocultural influences should be addressed in future studies

Perievent distress during fires - The impact of perceived emergency

Emotional distress during fire situations and other emergencies has been found to be an important factor in predicting posttraumatic stress symptoms. Little research has been done concerning the predictors of peri-event emotional distress itself and its related factors. The present study investigated the predictive power of pre- and peri-event factors on peri-event emotional distress in a European convenience sample of 574 domestic fire survivors. In addition to peri-event emotional distress, the increase in distress due to the fire (i.e. fire-induced emotional distress) was investigated. It was found that fire-induced emotional distress could be predicted by the amount of prior perceived emergency knowledge, perceived time pressure, perceived threat, panic attack symptoms and education. Results of a path analysis revealed perceived emergency knowledge as the most important factor in reducing stress caused by the fire. Possible differences between perceived and actual emergency knowledge and their implications for training are discussed