178 research outputs found
Blood lipids and adipokines concentrations during a 6-month nutritional and physical activity intervention for metabolic syndrome treatment
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>To report changes in body weight, total and central fat mass, metabolic, hormonal and inflammatory parameters in overweight people who participated in a six months weight loss intervention associating diet management and exercise.</p> <p>Subjects and Methods</p> <p>Fourteen subjects (10 M, 4 F, mean age 62.9 ± 6.9 years, BMI 30.4+/- 3.8 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) presenting the characteristics of the Metabolic Syndrome (MS) were included in the survey. They followed a three weeks (D0 to D20) cure in a medical establishment and a six months (D20 to M3 and M6) follow up at home. During the cure, they receive a balanced diet corresponding to 500 Kcal deficit vs their dayly energy expenditure (DEE) and they exercised 2 to 3 hours per day.</p> <p>At D0, D20, M3 and M6, body composition (lean mass, total and central fat mass) was analyzed with DEXA, blood pressure was taken and blood was collected to evaluate glycaemia, triglycerides, total, LDL and HDL cholesterol, insulin, leptin and adiponectin levels, CRP and pro-inflammatory interleukines IL1, IL.6 and TNFalpha.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>All parameters listed above except the cytokine were improved at D20, so that 4 subjects among 14 still presented the MS. After returning to home, these parameters remained stable.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The efficacy of therapeutic lifestyle modifications with education and exercise and diet was demonstrated, but the compliance to the new healthy lifestyle initiated during the cure was not optimal.</p
Facing up to the paradigm of ecological intensification in agronomy: Revisiting methods, concepts and knowledge
International audienceAgriculture is facing up to an increasing number of challenges, including the need to ensure various ecosystem services and to resolve apparent conflicts between them. One of the ways forward for agriculture currently being debated is a set of principles grouped together under the umbrella term âecological intensificationâ. In published studies, ecological intensification has generally been considered to be based essentially on the use of biological regulation to manage agroecosystems, at field, farm and landscape scales. We propose here five additional avenues that agronomic research could follow to strengthen the ecological intensification of current farming systems. We begin by assuming that progress in plant sciences over the last two decades provides new insight of potential use to agronomists. Potentially useful new developments in plant science include advances in the fields of energy conversion by plants, nitrogen use efficiency and defence mechanisms against pests. We then suggest that natural ecosystems may also provide sources of inspiration for cropping system design, in terms of their structure and function on the one hand, and farmersâ knowledge on the other. Natural ecosystems display a number of interesting properties that could be incorporated into agroecosystems. We discuss the value and limitations of attempting to 'mimic' their structure and function, while considering the differences in objectives and constraints between these two types of system. Farmers develop extensive knowledge of the systems they manage. We discuss ways in which this knowledge could be combined with, or fed into scientific knowledge and innovation, and the extent to which this is likely to be possible. The two remaining avenues concern methods. We suggest that agronomists make more use of meta-analysis and comparative system studies, these two types of methods being commonly used in other disciplines but barely used in agronomy. Meta-analysis would make it possible to quantify variations of cropping system performances in interaction with soil and climate conditions more accurately across environments and socio-economic contexts. Comparative analysis would help to identify the structural characteristics of cropping and farming systems underlying properties of interest. Such analysis can be performed with sets of performance indicators and methods borrowed from ecology for analyses of the structure and organisation of these systems. These five approaches should make it possible to deepen our knowledge of agroecosystems for action
Technology Roadmap for Beyond 5G Wireless Connectivity in D-band
International audienceWireless communication in millimeter wave bands, namely above 20 GHz and up to 300 GHz is foreseen as a key enabler technology for the next generation of wireless systems. The huge available bandwidth is contemplated to achieve high data rate wireless communications, and hence, to fulfill the requirements of future wireless networks. Several Beyond 5G applications are considered for these systems: high capacity back-haul, enhanced hot-spot kiosk as well as short-range Device-to-Device communications. In this paper we propose to discuss the trade-offs between scenario requirements and current silicon technologies limits to draw a technology roadmap for the next generation of wireless connectivity in D-band
Escitalopram reduces attentional performance in anxious older adults with high-expression genetic variants at serotonin 2A and 1B receptors
Older adults are among the most vulnerable to adverse cognitive effects of psychotropic medications and, therefore, the personalization of psychotropic treatment based on adverse drug reactions in this demographic is of great importance. We examined changes on neuropsychological tests of attention attributable to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) treatment in anxious older adults. We also examined whether variation in serotonin receptor genes was associated with reduced attentional performance with SSRIs. We examined change from pre- to post-treatment in two attention measures â digit span and coding â in 133 adults aged â„60 yr with generalized anxiety disorder in a 12-wk trial of escitalopram vs. placebo. We also examined attentional change in relation to genetic variability in four central serotonin receptors: the serotonin transporter and serotonin 1A, 2A and 1B receptors. Digit span scores were significantly lowered in patients receiving escitalopram relative to placebo, indicating reduced attentional performance attributable to the SSRI. Individuals with high-transcription variants in the receptors 5-HTR(2A) rs6311 and 5-HTR(1B) rs11568817 had greater reductions in attention with SSRI treatment compared to placebo. We conclude that SSRIs reduce attention in older adults, particularly in those with high-expression genetic variants at the serotonin 2A and 1B receptors. Analysing neuropsychological changes with SSRIs in relation to genetic variation in the serotonin system may be a useful strategy for detecting subgroups of older adults who are more susceptible to side-effects of SSRIs. These results, if confirmed, could lead to the personalization of SSRI use to reduce adverse neurocognitive effects
Public perception of drinking water from private water supplies: focus group analyses
BACKGROUND: Over four million Canadians receive their drinking water from private water supplies, and numerous studies report that these supplies often exceed the minimal acceptable standards for contamination. Canadians in rural areas test their water intermittently, if at all, and treatment of water from private supplies is not common. Understanding the perceptions of drinking water among residents served by private systems will enable public health professionals to better target education and outreach activities, and to address the needs and concerns of residents in their jurisdictions. The purpose of this study was to explore the drinking water perceptions and self-described behaviours and needs of participants served by private water systems in the City of Hamilton, Ontario (Canada). METHODS: In September 2003, three focus group discussions were conducted; two with men and women aged 36â65 years, and one with men and women 20â35 years of age. RESULTS: Overall, participants had positive perceptions of their private water supplies, particularly in the older age group. Concerns included bacterial and chemical contamination from agricultural sources. Testing of water from private supplies was minimal and was done less frequently than recommended by the provincial government. Barriers to water testing included the inconvenience of the testing process, acceptable test results in the past, resident complacency and lack of knowledge. The younger participants greatly emphasized their need for more information on private water supplies. Participants from all groups wanted more information on water testing, and various media for information dissemination were discussed. CONCLUSION: While most participants were confident in the safety of their private water supply, the factual basis for these opinions is uncertain. Improved dissemination of information pertaining to private water supplies in this population is needed. Observed differences in the concerns expressed by users of different water systems and age groups may suggest the need for targeted public education strategies. These focus groups provided significant insight into the public perception of private water supplies and the need for public health outreach activities; however, to obtain a more representative understanding of the perceptions in this population, it is important that a larger scale investigation be performed
MASC 2.0, un outil d'évaluation multicritÚre pour estimer la contribution des systÚmes de culture au développement durable
International audienceCurrent changes in the field of agriculture encourage stakeholders to envision new and moresustainable production methods. For this purpose, tools are needed to assess the proposed or newlydesigned solutions before they are taken to the fields and disseminated. MASC 2.0 is a multi-criteriaassessment tool designed to assess the performance of cropping systems in terms of theirsustainability. It was based on a decision support system (DEXi) which aggregates 39 qualitative criteriain a single tree. This tool applies to a wide range of situations. It can therefore be used to identify thebest cropping systems in a given territory (ex post assessment) or design prototypes of croppingsystems (ex ante assessment). Thanks to its flexibility, MASC 2.0 offers users the opportunity topropose their own vision of sustainable development by changing the weight given to each evaluationcriterion. Its friendly and simple interface makes this tool a privileged support for exchanges andmediation between researchers, extension workers, farmers, and public authorities. Its main drawbacksare the time spent to fill in all the criteria and the inherent limitations related to the given scale (croppingsystem) in relation to the larger scales more often used to handle sustainable development issues.Les changements actuels du contexte agricole encouragent les diffĂ©rents acteurs Ă rĂ©flĂ©chir Ă de nouveaux modes de production plus durables. Pour y parvenir, des outils sont nĂ©cessaires pour Ă©valuer les solutions identifiĂ©es ou nouvellement conçues avant leur expĂ©rimentation et leur diffusion. MASC 2.0 est un outil d'Ă©valuation multicritĂšre des performances des systĂšmes de cultures assolĂ©es du point de vue de leur contribution au dĂ©veloppement durable. Il a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ© sur un logiciel d'aide Ă la dĂ©cision DEXi qui agrĂšge dans une arborescence les 39 critĂšres qualitatifs retenus pour l'Ă©valuation. MASC 2.0 peut ĂȘtre utilisĂ© pour repĂ©rer les systĂšmes actuels les plus performants dans un contexte donnĂ© (Ă©valuation a posteriori). Il permet aussi de classer des systĂšmes de culture conçus par prototypage (Ă©valuation a priori). Par sa flexibilitĂ©, MASC 2.0 offre la possibilitĂ© aux utilisateurs de dĂ©cliner leur propre vision du dĂ©veloppement durable en modifiant le poids accordĂ© Ă chaque critĂšre d'Ă©valuation. L'interface du modĂšle, conviviale et simple d'utilisation, en fait un support d'Ă©changes et de mĂ©diation privilĂ©giĂ© entre chercheurs, conseillers agricoles, agriculteurs et pouvoirs publics. Ses principaux inconvĂ©nients rĂ©sident dans le temps nĂ©cessaire pour renseigner tous les critĂšres et dans les limites intrinsĂšques liĂ©es Ă l'Ă©chelle considĂ©rĂ©e pour traiter des questions de dĂ©veloppement durable, souvent abordĂ©es Ă des Ă©chelles plus larges
Science Impacts of the SPHEREx All-Sky Optical to Near-Infrared Spectral Survey: Report of a Community Workshop Examining Extragalactic, Galactic, Stellar and Planetary Science
SPHEREx is a proposed SMEX mission selected for Phase A. SPHEREx will carry
out the first all-sky spectral survey and provide for every 6.2" pixel a
spectra between 0.75 and 4.18 m [with R41.4] and 4.18 and 5.00
m [with R135]. The SPHEREx team has proposed three specific science
investigations to be carried out with this unique data set: cosmic inflation,
interstellar and circumstellar ices, and the extra-galactic background light.
It is readily apparent, however, that many other questions in astrophysics and
planetary sciences could be addressed with the SPHEREx data. The SPHEREx team
convened a community workshop in February 2016, with the intent of enlisting
the aid of a larger group of scientists in defining these questions. This paper
summarizes the rich and varied menu of investigations that was laid out. It
includes studies of the composition of main belt and Trojan/Greek asteroids;
mapping the zodiacal light with unprecedented spatial and spectral resolution;
identifying and studying very low-metallicity stars; improving stellar
parameters in order to better characterize transiting exoplanets; studying
aliphatic and aromatic carbon-bearing molecules in the interstellar medium;
mapping star formation rates in nearby galaxies; determining the redshift of
clusters of galaxies; identifying high redshift quasars over the full sky; and
providing a NIR spectrum for most eROSITA X-ray sources. All of these
investigations, and others not listed here, can be carried out with the nominal
all-sky spectra to be produced by SPHEREx. In addition, the workshop defined
enhanced data products and user tools which would facilitate some of these
scientific studies. Finally, the workshop noted the high degrees of synergy
between SPHEREx and a number of other current or forthcoming programs,
including JWST, WFIRST, Euclid, GAIA, K2/Kepler, TESS, eROSITA and LSST.Comment: Report of the First SPHEREx Community Workshop,
http://spherex.caltech.edu/Workshop.html , 84 pages, 28 figure
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Inflation and Dark Energy from spectroscopy at z > 2
The expansion of the Universe is understood to have accelerated during two
epochs: in its very first moments during a period of Inflation and much more
recently, at z < 1, when Dark Energy is hypothesized to drive cosmic
acceleration. The undiscovered mechanisms behind these two epochs represent
some of the most important open problems in fundamental physics. The large
cosmological volume at 2 < z < 5, together with the ability to efficiently
target high- galaxies with known techniques, enables large gains in the
study of Inflation and Dark Energy. A future spectroscopic survey can test the
Gaussianity of the initial conditions up to a factor of ~50 better than our
current bounds, crossing the crucial theoretical threshold of
of order unity that separates single field and
multi-field models. Simultaneously, it can measure the fraction of Dark Energy
at the percent level up to , thus serving as an unprecedented test of
the standard model and opening up a tremendous discovery space
APOE Δ2 resilience for Alzheimerâs disease is mediated by plasma lipid species: Analysis of three independent cohort studies
Introduction
The apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer\u27s disease. However, its effect on lipid metabolic pathways, and their mediating effect on disease risk, is poorly understood.
Methods
We performed lipidomic analysis on three independent cohorts (the Australian Imaging, Biomarkers and Lifestyle [AIBL] flagship study, n = 1087; the Alzheimer\u27s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative [ADNI] 1 study, n = 819; and the Busselton Health Study [BHS], n = 4384), and we defined associations between APOE Δ2 and Δ4 and 569 plasma/serum lipid species. Mediation analysis defined the proportion of the treatment effect of the APOE genotype mediated by plasma/serum lipid species.
Results
A total of 237 and 104 lipid species were associated with APOE Δ2 and Δ4, respectively. Of these 68 (Δ2) and 24 (Δ4) were associated with prevalent Alzheimer\u27s disease. Individual lipid species or lipidomic models of APOE genotypes mediated up to 30% and 10% of APOE Δ2 and Δ4 treatment effect, respectively.
Discussion
Plasma lipid species mediate the treatment effect of APOE genotypes on Alzheimer\u27s disease and as such represent a potential therapeutic target
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