Addition of Garlic or Onion before Irradiation on Lipid Oxidation, Volatiles and Sensory Characteristics of Cooked Ground Beef

Addition of 0.5% onion was effective in reducing lipid oxidation in irradiated cooked ground beef after 7 d storage. Addition of garlic or onion greatly increased the amounts of sulfur volatiles from cooked ground beef. Irradiation and storage both changed the amounts and compositions of sulfur compounds in both garlic- and onion-added cooked ground beef significantly. Although, addition of garlic and onion produced large amounts of sulfur compounds, the intensity of irradiation odor and irradiation flavor in irradiated cooked ground beef was similar to that of the nonirradiated control. Addition of garlic (0.1%) or onion (0.5%) to ground beef produced garlic/onion aroma and flavor after cooking, and the intensity was stronger with 0.1% garlic than 0.5% onion treatment. Considering the sensory results and the amounts of sulfur compounds produced in cooked ground beef with added garlic or onion, 0.5% of onion or less than 0.1% of garlic is recommended to mask or change irradiation off-odor and off-flavor

Effect of Garlic, Onion, and their Combination on the Quality and Sensory Characteristics of Irradiated Raw Ground Beef

Irradiated raw ground beef had lower a*- and b*-valuesthan nonirradiated ones regardless of garlic or onion treatment at 0 d. Irradiation increased TBARS values of control ground beef, but addition of 0.5% onion or 0.1% garlic + 0.5% onion reduced oxidative changes during storage. Addition of garlic or onion greatly increased the amounts of sulfur compounds, but the increase was greater with garlic. With irradiation, the profiles and amounts of Svolatiles in raw ground beef changed significantly. However,the intensity of irradiation aroma in irradiated raw ground beef with garlic or onion was similar to that of the nonirradiated control. This indicated that some of the sulfur compounds unique to garlic or onion interacted with common sulfur compounds detected in irradiated meat and masked or changed the odor characteristics of irradiated raw ground beef. It was concluded that \u3e 0.5% onion or \u3c 0.01% garlic would be needed to mask or prevent irradiation aromain irradiated raw ground beef

3-D finite element analysis of the effects of post location and loading location on stress distribution in root canals of the mandibular 1st molar

Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate, by using finite element analysis, the influence of post location and occlusal loading location on the stress distribution pattern inside the root canals of the mandibular 1st molar. Material and Methods Three different 3-D models of the mandibular 1st molar were established: no post (NP) – a model of endodontic and prosthodontic treatments; mesiobuccal post (MP) – a model of endodontic and prosthodontic treatments with a post in the mesiobuccal canal; and distal post (DP) – a model of endodontic and prosthodontic treatments with a post in the distal canal. A vertical force of 300 N, perpendicular to the occlusal plane, was applied to one of five 1 mm2 areas on the occlusal surface; mesial marginal ridge, distal marginal ridge, mesiobuccal cusp, distobuccal cusp, and central fossa. Finite element analysis was used to calculate the equivalent von Mises stresses on each root canal. Results The DP model showed similar maximum stress values to the NP model, while the MP model showed markedly greater maximum stress values. The post procedure increased stress concentration inside the canals, although this was significantly affected by the site of the force. Conclusions In the mandibular 1st molar, the distal canal is the better place to insert the post than the mesiobuccal canal. However, if insertion into the mesiobuccal canal is unavoidable, there should be consideration on the occlusal contact, making central fossa and distal marginal ridge the main functioning areas

Comparison of Gravity Wave Temperature Variances from Ray-Based Spectral Parameterization of Convective Gravity Wave Drag with AIRS Observations

The realism of ray-based spectral parameterization of convective gravity wave drag, which considers the updated moving speed of the convective source and multiple wave propagation directions, is tested against the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) onboard the Aqua satellite. Offline parameterization calculations are performed using the global reanalysis data for January and July 2005, and gravity wave temperature variances (GWTVs) are calculated at z = 2.5 hPa (unfiltered GWTV). AIRS-filtered GWTV, which is directly compared with AIRS, is calculated by applying the AIRS visibility function to the unfiltered GWTV. A comparison between the parameterization calculations and AIRS observations shows that the spatial distribution of the AIRS-filtered GWTV agrees well with that of the AIRS GWTV. However, the magnitude of the AIRS-filtered GWTV is smaller than that of the AIRS GWTV. When an additional cloud top gravity wave momentum flux spectrum with longer horizontal wavelength components that were obtained from the mesoscale simulations is included in the parameterization, both the magnitude and spatial distribution of the AIRS-filtered GWTVs from the parameterization are in good agreement with those of the AIRS GWTVs. The AIRS GWTV can be reproduced reasonably well by the parameterization not only with multiple wave propagation directions but also with two wave propagation directions of 45 degrees (northeast-southwest) and 135 degrees (northwest-southeast), which are optimally chosen for computational efficiency

ZnO:B back reflector with high haze and low absorption enhanced triple-junction thin film Si solar modules

AbstractWe present our development of a ZnO:B back reflector (BR) with high haze and low absorption for highly efficient triple-junction thin film Si solar modules over a large area (1.1×1.3m2). We try to maximize light trapping by the evaluation of the use of transparent conducting oxide (TCO) and BR for high efficiency. It was verified that the configuration of SnO2:F front TCO and ZnO:B BR shows better optical properties than typical configurations for light trapping due to its high transparency at the front and high haze at the back. In addition, we noticed that the absorption of the BR has a strong influence on the solar modules. We obtained a superior ZnO:B BR with high haze and low absorption by controlling the doping gas ratio (B2H6/DEZ). As the doping gas ratio of ZnO:B BR decreases, the haze increases due to a rougher surface morphology, and the absorption decreases due to reduced free carrier absorption. The solar modules with a ZnO:B BR in a lower doping gas ratio show relatively higher Pmax for the same i-μc-Si layer thickness. This results from an increased Isc due to higher haze and lower absorption. In addition, the ZnO:B BR with a low doping gas ratio was found to be effective in reducing the i-μc-Si layer thickness because there are more chances for trapping the light at the i-μc-Si layer. We could reduce the i-μc-Si layer thickness by about 28% for the equivalent Pmax level by lowering the doping gas ratio. We successfully applied the ZnO:B BR with high haze and low absorption into a triple-junction thin film silicon solar cell and achieved a new record, improving on our previous world record