Uticaj nivoa proteina u obroku na proizvodne rezultate i mortalitet fazančića gajenih u kontrolisanim uslovima

The effects of different levels of dietary protein content and population density in growing pheasants, up to the age of 42 days, on production results and mortality have been studied in this paper. The experiment was set as a two factorial study (2 x 2). Factor A was the influence of crude proteins in the diet (A1 = 26% up to 4 weeks of age and 20% from 4 up to 6 weeks of age; A2 = 30% crude proteins up to 4 weeks of age and 24% from 4 up to 6 weeks of age). Factor B was the population density (B1 = 450 and B2 = 550 birds/group). The total number of birds in the trial was n= 2000. Body mass was measured at hatching, 15 and 42 days of age. Up to 15 days of age the pheasants were housed in cages, but thereon they were reared under floor conditions with free access to outdoors. The highest body mass measured at 42 days of age (457.07 g) and the utmost daily body mass increase (4.22 for the first period of growth and 13.31 for the second) was achieved by the pheasants which were fed a diet with the highest protein content (30% in the first stage and 24% in the second) and reared at a lower population density (450 birds/group). These differences were significant (p lt 0.01). On comparison with the available literature data the mortality was at a satisfactory level (1.27 - 3.00%) and was not influenced by the studied factors. The mortality values were numerically higher for all treatments for the period up to 15 days (0.73 - 2.70%) compared to the period from 15 up to 42 days of age (0.44-1.00%). Based upon the obtained results and the previously published literature data it can be concluded that feedstuff protein content is the key factor required in order to obtain satisfactory final body weight and subsequently good quality material for the repopulation of hunting grounds.U eksperimentu je ispitivan uticaj nivoa proteina u obroku i gustine naseljenosti fazančića u odgajivalištima, do 42. dana starosti, na proizvodne rezultate i procenat mortaliteta. Eksperiment je postavljen kao dvofaktorijalni ogled (2x2), gde je faktor A bio procenat sirovih proteina u obroku (A1 = 26% do kraja 4. nedelje i 20% od kraja 4. do kraja 6. nedelje života; A2=30% do kraja 4. nedelje i 24% od kraja 4. do kraja 6. nedelje) a faktor B gustina naseljenosti (B1=450 i B2=550 jedinki po grupi). Ukupan broj životinja u eksperimentu je bio 2000. Merenje mase fazančića vršeno je odmah po rođenju, 15. i 42. dana života. Do 15. dana života fazančići su držani u kavezima a u drugoj fazi gajenja u podnom sistemu sa ispustima. Najveću telesnu masu izmerenu 42. dana starosti (457,07 g) i najveći dnevni prirast (4,22 g za prvi period odgajivanja i 13,31 g za drugi period) ostvarili su fazančići koji su hranjeni smešom sa većim nivoom proteina (30% u prvoj fazi odnosno 24% u drugoj fazi), kao i pri manjoj gustini naseljenosti (450 jedinki po grupi). Ove razlike su bile signifikantne (p lt 0,01). U poređenju sa drugim literaturnim podacima, mortalitet fazančića je bio zadovoljavajući (1,27-3,00%) i nije bio pod uticajem ispitivanih faktora. Vrednosti mortaliteta su bile numerički veće u svim tretmanima za period odgajivanja do 15. dana (0,73-2,7%) u odnosu na period od 15. do 42. dana (0,44-1%). S obzirom na rezultate iz ovog eksperimenta kao i na brojne literaturne podatke, može se zaključiti da je odgovarajući nivo proteina u smeši za odgoj fazanskih pilića ključni faktor za postizanje visokih završnih masa, a samim tim i za dobijanje kvalitetnog materijala kojim će se naseljavati lovišta

Uticaj ishrane matičnog jata fazana na proizvodne rezultate

This paper presents a literature review of nutrition pheasant parent flocks in aviaries. Nutrition affects to the number, size, and biological quality of the eggs directly from the necessary nutrients that provide by diet, or indirectly through the body’s reserves, which are provided in the past. Comparing the recommendations of the various standards (AEC, INRA, NRC) and the value for the content of nutrients that are used in the experiments and the pheasant, the differences can be observed, especially in the protein content. Norms recent (NRC) calls on the similarity between the needs of pheasants and turkeys and recommend optimal balance of protein and energy (Mcal ME for each maximum 5.6% protein). By the way, in recent experiments, more attention is paid to micronutrients (trace elements, vitamins), physical form of concentrated feed and the etc. Because of these problems and shortcomings it is necessary to continue research, to the current recommendations for nutrient content corrected in order to reduce feeding costs and achieve better results of parent flocks.U radu je dat pregled literaturnih podataka iz ishrane matičnog jata fazana u volijerama. Ishrana utiče na broj, veličinu i biološki kvalitet jaja direktno preko neophodnih hranljivih materija koje se obezbeđuju obrokom, ili indirektno preko telesnih rezervi koje su obezbeđene u ranijem periodu. Poređenjem preporuka iz različitih normativa (AEC, INRA, NRC) i vrednosti za sadržaj hranljivih materija koje se koriste u eksperimentima i na fazanerijama, mogu se uočiti razlike, pre svega u sadržaju proteina. Normativi novijeg datuma (NRC) pozivaju se na sličnost potreba fazana i ćuraka i preporučuju optimalan odnos energije i proteina (za svaku Mcal ME maksimalno 5,6% proteina). Osim toga, u eksperimentima novijeg datuma više pažnje se poklanja mikro-hranivima (mikroelementima, vitaminima), fizičkoj formi koncentrovane hrane i sl. Zbog navedenih problema i nedostataka neophodno je nastaviti istraživanja, kako bi se dosadašnje preporuke za sadržaj hranljivih materija korigovale, u cilju smanjenja troškova ishrane i postizanja boljih proizvodnih rezultata matičnog jata

Vertikalna rasprostranjenost cezijuma-137 u obradivim i neobradivim zemljištima

This paper introduces the distribution BACKGROUND: and unique characteristics of 137Cs in cultivated and undisturbed areas. The samples were taken from three measuring points of the depth of 1 m. We examined all visible horizons and determined their classifications. There were four horizons in one profile. All four horizons had a different zone thickness. 137Cs is an artificial radionuclide that has been produced primarily as a result of atmospheric thermonuclear weapon tests since the 1950. Also, the great amount of 137Cs (~85 PBq) was released in the atmosphere during the Chernobyl accident. So, 137Cs has been globally distributed, with fallout rates generally related to latitude and precipitation depth. The movement of 137Cs in soil is primarily controlled by soil erosion processes, such as processes caused by water, wind, and tillage. Thus, 137Cs is a valuable tracer to study soil erosion. The specific activity of 137Cs in soil and sediment samples was determined by using the gamma-spectrometric method.U ovom radu prikazana je rasprostranjenost i jedinstvene karakteristike cezijuma-137 kako u obradivim tako i u neobradivim zemljištima. Uzorkovanje je vršeno na tri merna mesta do 1 m dubine. Ispitani su svi vidljivi horizonti i utvrđeno je postojanje 4 horizonta u jednom profilu, koji su različitih debljina. Cezijum-137 je veštački radioizotop koji je nastao kao posledica termonuklearnih reakcija ispitivanog oružja u atmosferi zemlje kao i neželjeni proizvod nuklearnih akcidenata (Černobil, 1986). Ovaj radioizotop je široko rasprostranjen u celom svetu, gde se njegova migracija u zemljištu prati pomoću intenziteta erozije potpomognutim vodom i vetrom. Stoga je cezijum-137 važan faktor pri određivanju intenziteta erozije kako u zemljištu tako i u sedimentima, te je određena njegova specifična aktivnost korišćenjem gama spektrometrije

Specifičnosti ishrane zeca (Lepus europaeus) kao uzrok smanjenja brojnosti populacija

This paper reviews the specific choice of food and feed for brown hare (Lepus Europaeus) in Serbia and Europe, reducing the diversity of flora as a result of the intensification of agriculture, and the impact of these changes in population numbers. Examination of the composition of hare food is done gastric contents microscopy or fresh feces. Studies from Sweden, Austria and Hungary indicate that hare consume dozens species of plants. However, most authors agree that about 50% of meals are only 2-3 plant species. Based on the literature review can be concluded that the intensification of agriculture substantially reduced the diversity of wild plants in farming areas, most authors considered important to reduce the number of hares in Europe. In particular, it highlights the problem of food deficit in the summer, after harvest of winter crops. During that time comes to change the chemical composition of milk or falling energy value of 14.5 KJg-1 (spring) to 11.03 KJg-1 (autumn), which negatively affects the offspring. In contrast, the deficit in the winter diet in most areas is less pronounced, due to the wheat fields. As a solution to these problems according to the establishment of 'green corridor' between the fields under the spruce monocultures, organic vegetable production, control the number of predators and possibly controlled production hare offspring in farm .U radu je dat pregled specifičnosti ishrane i izbor hraniva za zeca (Lepus europaeus) u Srbiji i Evropi, smanjenje raznovrsnosti flore kao posledica intenzifikacije poljoprivrede, i uticaj navedenih promena na brojnost populacija. Ispitivanje sastava ishrane zeca vrši se mikroskopiranjem želudačnog sadržaja ili svežeg fecesa. Istraživanja iz Švedske, Austrije i Mađarske ukazuju da zec konzumira nekoliko desetina vrsta biljaka. Međutim, većina autora se slaže da oko 50% sastava obroka čine samo 2-3 biljne vrste. Na osnovu pregleda literature može se zaključiti da je intenzifikacija poljoprivrede bitno smanjila raznovrsnost divljih biljnih vrsta u ratarskim područjima, što većina autora smatra značajnijim za smanjenje brojnosti zeca u Evropi. Naročito se ističe problem letnjeg deficita u hrani, nakon ubiranja ozimih kultura. U tom periodu dolazi i do promene hemijskog sastava mleka, odnosno pada energetske vrednosti od 14,5 kJg-1 (proleće) do 11,03 kJg-1 (jesen), što se negativno odražava na podmladak. Nasuprot tome, zimski deficit u ishrani u većini područja nije toliko izražen, zahvaljujući poljima sa pšenicom. Kao rešenje ovih problema navodi se zasnivanje 'zelenih koridora' između polja pod monokulturama, organska biljna proizvodnja, kontrola brojnosti predatora i eventualno, kontrolisana proizvodnja zečića u odgajivalištima.

Značaj dopunske ishrane fazana i zeca za reproduktivne rezultate i odstrelnu masu

In this review paper has been shown how the specific nutrition of brown hare and pheasant, forms and procedures of supplement, and their impact on reproductive performance and weight of the hunted species. Pheasant use of nutrients in the diet of vegetable and animal origin. Food of animal origin (mainly insects) participate in the meal to 80% of offspring, and in serving adults with 20-30%. Nutrition brown hare as expressive herbivore is based on wild plant species and crop cultures. Previous studies indicate that in rural areas about 50% rabbit diet consists only 2-3 plant species, where winter wheat is dominated by green. Supplementary feeding wildlife involves not only planning and food intake in open hunting areas during the winter, but the use of crops throughout the year. The quality of food (natural and supplemental) affects the reproductive results of a hares across the energy value of milk (14.5 kJg-1 in Spring and 11.03 kJg-1 in autumn), and the mass of hunting hares (higher in rural areas). Supplementary feeding of pheasants in the spring contributes to improving the reproduction of some results, and improving the percentage of body weight and survival of young pheasants who have settled in the hunting area.U radu su na revijalan način prikazane nutritivne specifičnosti zeca i fazana, oblici i postupci dodatne ishrane, i njihov uticaj na reproduktivne rezultate i odstrelnu masu ovih vrsta divljači. Fazan koristi u ishrani hraniva biljnog i životinjskog porekla. Hrana životinjskog porekla (prvenstveno insekti) učestvuju u obroku podmlatka do 80%, a u obroku odraslih sa 20-30%. Ishrana zeca kao ortodoksnog herbivore se zasniva na divljim biljnim vrstama i ratarskim kulturama. Ranija istraživanja ukazuju da u poljoprivrednim područjima oko 50% ishrane zeca čine samo 2-3 biljne vrste, pri čemu zimi dominira zelena pšenica. Dopunska ishrana divljači podrazumeva ne samo plansko unošenje hrane u otvorena lovišta tokom zime, već i korišćenje namenski gajenih ratarskih kultura u toku cele godine. Kvalitet ishrane (prirodne i dopunske) utiče na reproduktivne rezultate zeca preko energetske vrednosti mleka (14,5 kJg-1 u proleće i 11,03 kJg-1 u jesen), kao i na odstrelnu masu zečeva (veća u poljoprivrednim područjima). Dopunska ishrana fazana u proleće doprinosi popravljanju nekih reproduktivnih rezultata, kao i popravljanju procenta preživljavanja i telesne mase mladih fazana koji su naseljeni u lovišta

Značaj obradivih površina u Srbiji za ishranu fazana i zeca i brojnost populacija

In this review paper has been shown how the specific feeding brown hares and pheasant, the structure of arable land in the hunting grounds of Serbia and its importance as a nutrient base for the number of populations of these species. The spatial distribution and abundance of brown hares and pheasants primarily affect natural factors (climate, disease and predators) and to some extent, extent and anthropogenic factors (agricultural work, transportation, hunting ...). Hunting grounds in Serbia occupy a total area of 8,828,528.29 hectares, of which the fields and fields 3,787,836.13 hectares or 42.9%. This structure in the hunting area (the area under cereals in particular) have a major impact on the number of brown hares and pheasants, which in recent years has the trend. In contrast, the recorded increase in the percentage of killing relative to base stock of game, which the hardest in 2008. amounted to 18.02% and 45.78% for the pheasants. Based on the literature review it is evident that the intensification of agriculture and reducing the natural diversity of food are of great importance for the number of hares and pheasant populations. A partial solution to this problem is in the preservation of 'green oasis' and found a 'green corridor' between large areas of monoculture, organic vegetable production, control the number of predators and offspring production in the rabbit and pheasant farm. .U radu su na revijalan način prikazane specifičnosti ishrane fazana i zeca, struktura obradivih površina u lovištima Srbije i njihov značaj kao hranidbene baze za brojnost populacija ovih vrsta divljači. Na prostornu distribuciju i brojnost fazana i zeca utiču prvenstveno prirodni faktori (klima, bolesti i predatori) a u značajnoj meri i antropogeni faktori (poljoprivredni radovi, saobraćaj, lov...). Lovišta u Srbiji zauzimaju ukupnu površinu od 8.828.528,29 ha, od čega je pod njivama i oranicama 3.787.836,13 ha, odnosno 42,9%. Ovakva struktura površina u lovištima (naročito površina pod cerealijama) ima veliki uticaj na brojnost populacija zeca i fazana, koja zadnjih godina ima trend smanjenja. Nasuprot tome, beleži se povećanje procenta odstrela u odnosu na matični fond divljači, koji za zeca u 2008. godini iznosi 18,02% a za fazana 45,78%. Na osnovu pregleda literature evidentno je da intenzifikacija poljoprivrede i smanjenje raznovrsnosti prirodne ishrane imaju veliki značaj za brojnost populacija zeca i fazana. Delimično rešenje ovog problema je u: očuvanju 'zelenih oaza' i zasnivanje 'zelenih koridora' između velikih površina sa monokultura, organskoj biljnoj proizvodnji, kontroli brojnosti predatora i proizvodnji podmlatka zeca i fazana u odgajivalištima. . PR Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. TR-31009

Experimental Evaluation of 300 ºC section of Cu-In-Ni Phase Diagram, Hardness and Electrical Conductivity of Selected Alloy

<div><p>The paper reports comparative experimental and thermodynamic calculation of a Cu-In-Ni ternary system. An isothermal section of the Cu-In-Ni system at 300 ºC was extrapolated using optimized thermodynamic parameters for the constitutive binary systems from literature. Microstructural and phase composition analysis were carried out using scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) technique. Brinell hardness and electrical conductivity of a selected number of alloy samples with compositions along three vertical sections (Cu-In0.5Ni0.5, In-Cu0.8Ni0.2, and x(In) = 0.4) of the studied Cu-In-Ni system were experimentally determined. Based on the obtained experimental results and by using appropriate mathematical models values of hardness and electrical conductivity for the whole ternary system were predicted. A close agreement between calculations and experimental results was obtained both in case of thermodynamic, electrical conductivity and hardness predictions.</p></div

Studija projekta 'Optimizacija i standardizacija autohtone tehnologije sjeničkog sira sa zaštitom oznake porekla'

Investigations are based on use of natural potentials on the wide region of Sjenica-Pešter highlands. Certain parameters on selected locations are recorded (soil, vegetation, livestock production, technology of milk and cheese production). On selected locations, farms and processing capacities detail researches are carried out relating to soil, artificial and natural grasslands, reproductive and production potential of cattle and sheep, determination of genetic and non-genetic factors affecting milk traits, quantity and quality of milk, proteins, milk fat, lactose, etc., technological and microbiological traits of milk and cheese. Main objectives of this research and development project is to realize scientific -technological solutions in primary livestock production using our own scientific potentials in order to provide increased productivity, increased number of market farmers capable for competitive economy and production on domestic and foreign market with recognized final product with protected geographical origin, in other words - optimization and standardization of native technology of white cheese from Sjenica with protected brand and origin.Istraživanja su zasnovana na korišćenju prirodnih potencijala šireg regiona Sjeničko-pešterske visoravni. U okviru ovih istraživanja obavlja se snimanje i proučavanje određenih parametara na odabranim lokalitetima ( zemljište, vegetacija, stočarstvo, tehnologija mleka i sira). Na odabranim lokalitetima, farmama i preradjivačkim kapacitetima obavljaju se detaljna istraživanja, zemljišta, prirodnih i veštačkih travnjaka i livada, reproduktivnih i proizvodnih potencijala goveda i ovaca, determinacija genetskih i negenetskih faktora na svojstva mlečnosti, kvantitet i kvalitet mleka, proteini, mlečna mast, laktoza i dr.,tehnološka i mikrobiološka svojstva mleka i sira. Osnovni ciljevi ovog istraživačko-razvojnog projekta je da se korišćenjem sopstvenih naučnih potencijala dođe do naučno-tehnoloških rešenja u primarnoj stočarskoj proizvodnji, koja će obezbediti porast produktivnosti, povećanje robnih proizvođača osposobljenih za konkurentnu proizvodnju na domaćem i stranom tržištu sa prepoznatljivim finalnim proizvodom zaštićenog geografskog porekla, odnosno optimizaciju i standardizaciju autohtone tehnologije Sjeničkog sira sa zaštitom oznake porekla