Removal of carbamazepine onto modified zeolitic tuff in different water matrices: Batch and continuous flow experiments

Carbamazepine (CBZ) is the most frequently detected pharmaceutical residues in aquatic environments effluent by wastewater treatment plants. Batch and column experiments were con-ducted to evaluate the removal of CBZ from ultra-pure water and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent using raw zeolitic tuff (RZT) and surfactant modified zeolite (SMZ). Point zero net charge (pHpzc), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) were investigated for adsorbents to evaluate the physiochemical changes resulted from the modification process using Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HDTMA-Br). XRD and FTIR showed that the surfactant modification of RZT has created an amorphous surface with new alkyl groups on the surface. The pHpzc was determined to be approximately 7.9 for RZT and SMZ. The results indicated that the CBZ uptake by SMZ is higher than RZT in all sorption tests (\u3e8 fold). Batch results showed that the sorption capacity of RZT and SMZ in WWTP effluent (0.029 and 0.25 mg/g) is higher than RZT and SMZ (0.018 and 0.14 mg/g) in ultrapure water (1.6–1.8 fold). Batch tests showed that the equilibrium time of CBZ removal in the WWTP matrix (47 h) is much longer than CBZ removal in ultrapure water. The sorption capacity of RZT & SMZ in WWTP effluent (0.03, 0.33 mg/g) is higher than RZT and SMZ (0.02 and 0.17 mg/g) in ultrapure water (1.5–2 fold) using column test. This study has clearly demonstrated that the performance of RZT and SMZ is more efficient for the removal of CBZ from realistic wastewater than ultrapure water. It is evident that the surfactant modification of RZT has enhanced the CBZ removal in both matrices

Gestion durable des terres agricoles dans la commune rurale de Sanankoroba, cercle de Kati

Summary The rural commune of Sanankororba located in the circle of Kati in Mali, is characterized by a very great diversity of natural ecosystems, which host resources such as soil, vegetation, water. These elements constitute the main wealth of the commune whose agricultural activities occupy the majority of the population and provide them with the essential of their means of existence. However, for several decades, there has been a continuous degradation of agricultural land mainly due to demographic pressure, harmful agricultural practices and climatic hazards. It is in this context that the present study has set the objective of analyzing the techniques of conservation of agricultural land used in the rural commune of Sanankoroba in order to contribute to their sustainable management. The methodological approach adopted focused on the documentary review and the analysis of quantitative and qualitative survey data. The data collected in February 2021 was subjected to descriptive statistical analysis using SPSS 20.00 and Excel 2016 software and discourse content analysis. The results of the study show an overexploitation of the land, which seriously threatens the soil resources of the commune. The agricultural land conservation techniques used by the peasants of the commune are erosion control measures (different kinds of stone barriers, grassy strips, earthen bunds), fallowing, the use of mineral fertilizers and organic manure. It appears that the sustainable management of agricultural land in the rural commune of Sanankororba requires the popularization of environmentally friendly agricultural techniques and inputs and better support for farmers.Résumé  La commune rurale de Sanankororba située dans le cercle de Kati au Mali, est caractérisée par une très grande diversité d’écosystèmes naturels, qui hébergent des ressources telles que les sols, la végétation, les eaux. Ces éléments constituent la principale richesse de la commune dont les activités agricoles occupent la majeure partie de la population et lui fournissent l’essentiel de ses moyens d’existence. Cependant, depuis quelques décennies, on assiste à une dégradation continue des terres agricoles en raison surtout de la pression démographique, des partiques agricoles néfastes et des aléas climatiques. C’est dans ce contexte que la présente étude s’est fixée comme objectif d’analyser les techniques de conservation des terres agricoles utilisées dans la commune rurale de Sanankoroba en vue de contribuer à leur gestion durable. L’approche méthodologique adoptée a porté sur la revue documentaire et l’analyse des données d’enquêtes quantitatives et qualitatives. Les données collectées en février 2021 ont fait l’objet d’une analyse statistique descriptive à l’aide des logiciels SPSS 20.00 et Excel 2016 et d’une analyse de contenu des discours. Les résultats de l’étude montrent une surexploitation des terres, qui menace sérieusement les ressources pédologiques de la commune. Les techniques de conservation des terres agricoles adoptées par les paysans de la commune portent sur les mesures de lutte antiérosive (cordons pierreux, barrières en cailloux, bandes enherbées, diguettes en terre), la jachère, l’utilisation des engrais minéraux et de la fumure organique. Il resort que la gestion durable des terres agricoles dans la commune rurale de Sanankororba nécessite la vulgarisation des techniques et intrants agricoles respectueux de l’environnement et un meilleur accompagnement des exploitants

Gestion durable des terres agricoles dans la commune rurale de Sanankoroba, cercle de Kati

Summary The rural commune of Sanankororba located in the circle of Kati in Mali, is characterized by a very great diversity of natural ecosystems, which host resources such as soil, vegetation, water. These elements constitute the main wealth of the commune whose agricultural activities occupy the majority of the population and provide them with the essential of their means of existence. However, for several decades, there has been a continuous degradation of agricultural land mainly due to demographic pressure, harmful agricultural practices and climatic hazards. It is in this context that the present study has set the objective of analyzing the techniques of conservation of agricultural land used in the rural commune of Sanankoroba in order to contribute to their sustainable management. The methodological approach adopted focused on the documentary review and the analysis of quantitative and qualitative survey data. The data collected in February 2021 was subjected to descriptive statistical analysis using SPSS 20.00 and Excel 2016 software and discourse content analysis. The results of the study show an overexploitation of the land, which seriously threatens the soil resources of the commune. The agricultural land conservation techniques used by the peasants of the commune are erosion control measures (different kinds of stone barriers, grassy strips, earthen bunds), fallowing, the use of mineral fertilizers and organic manure. It appears that the sustainable management of agricultural land in the rural commune of Sanankororba requires the popularization of environmentally friendly agricultural techniques and inputs and better support for farmers.Résumé  La commune rurale de Sanankororba située dans le cercle de Kati au Mali, est caractérisée par une très grande diversité d’écosystèmes naturels, qui hébergent des ressources telles que les sols, la végétation, les eaux. Ces éléments constituent la principale richesse de la commune dont les activités agricoles occupent la majeure partie de la population et lui fournissent l’essentiel de ses moyens d’existence. Cependant, depuis quelques décennies, on assiste à une dégradation continue des terres agricoles en raison surtout de la pression démographique, des partiques agricoles néfastes et des aléas climatiques. C’est dans ce contexte que la présente étude s’est fixée comme objectif d’analyser les techniques de conservation des terres agricoles utilisées dans la commune rurale de Sanankoroba en vue de contribuer à leur gestion durable. L’approche méthodologique adoptée a porté sur la revue documentaire et l’analyse des données d’enquêtes quantitatives et qualitatives. Les données collectées en février 2021 ont fait l’objet d’une analyse statistique descriptive à l’aide des logiciels SPSS 20.00 et Excel 2016 et d’une analyse de contenu des discours. Les résultats de l’étude montrent une surexploitation des terres, qui menace sérieusement les ressources pédologiques de la commune. Les techniques de conservation des terres agricoles adoptées par les paysans de la commune portent sur les mesures de lutte antiérosive (cordons pierreux, barrières en cailloux, bandes enherbées, diguettes en terre), la jachère, l’utilisation des engrais minéraux et de la fumure organique. Il resort que la gestion durable des terres agricoles dans la commune rurale de Sanankororba nécessite la vulgarisation des techniques et intrants agricoles respectueux de l’environnement et un meilleur accompagnement des exploitants

Removal of Carbamazepine onto Modified Zeolitic Tuff in Different Water Matrices: Batch and Continuous Flow Experiments

Carbamazepine (CBZ) is the most frequently detected pharmaceutical residues in aquatic environments effluent by wastewater treatment plants. Batch and column experiments were conducted to evaluate the removal of CBZ from ultra-pure water and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent using raw zeolitic tuff (RZT) and surfactant modified zeolite (SMZ). Point zero net charge (pHpzc), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) were investigated for adsorbents to evaluate the physiochemical changes resulted from the modification process using Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HDTMA-Br). XRD and FTIR showed that the surfactant modification of RZT has created an amorphous surface with new alkyl groups on the surface. The pHpzc was determined to be approximately 7.9 for RZT and SMZ. The results indicated that the CBZ uptake by SMZ is higher than RZT in all sorption tests (\u3e8 fold). Batch results showed that the sorption capacity of RZT and SMZ in WWTP effluent (0.029 and 0.25 mg/g) is higher than RZT and SMZ (0.018 and 0.14 mg/g) in ultrapure water (1.6–1.8 fold). Batch tests showed that the equilibrium time of CBZ removal in the WWTP matrix (47 h) is much longer than CBZ removal in ultrapure water. The sorption capacity of RZT & SMZ in WWTP effluent (0.03, 0.33 mg/g) is higher than RZT and SMZ (0.02 and 0.17 mg/g) in ultrapure water (1.5–2 fold) using column test. This study has clearly demonstrated that the performance of RZT and SMZ is more efficient for the removal of CBZ from realistic wastewater than ultrapure water. It is evident that the surfactant modification of RZT has enhanced the CBZ removal in both matrices

Isolation and Culture of Larval Cells from C. elegans

Cell culture is an essential tool to study cell function. In C. elegans the ability to isolate and culture cells has been limited to embryonically derived cells. However, cells or blastomeres isolated from mixed stage embryos terminally differentiate within 24 hours of culture, thus precluding post-embryonic stage cell culture. We have developed an efficient and technically simple method for large-scale isolation and primary culture of larval-stage cells. We have optimized the treatment to maximize cell number and minimize cell death for each of the four larval stages. We obtained up to 7.8×104 cells per microliter of packed larvae, and up to 97% of adherent cells isolated by this method were viable for at least 16 hours. Cultured larval cells showed stage-specific increases in both cell size and multinuclearity and expressed lineage- and cell type-specific reporters. The majority (81%) of larval cells isolated by our method were muscle cells that exhibited stage-specific phenotypes. L1 muscle cells developed 1 to 2 wide cytoplasmic processes, while L4 muscle cells developed 4 to 14 processes of various thicknesses. L4 muscle cells developed bands of myosin heavy chain A thick filaments at the cell center and spontaneously contracted ex vivo. Neurons constituted less than 10% of the isolated cells and the majority of neurons developed one or more long, microtubule-rich protrusions that terminated in actin-rich growth cones. In addition to cells such as muscle and neuron that are high abundance in vivo, we were also able to isolate M-lineage cells that constitute less than 0.2% of cells in vivo. Our novel method of cell isolation extends C. elegans cell culture to larval developmental stages, and allows use of the wealth of cell culture tools, such as cell sorting, electrophysiology, co-culture, and high-resolution imaging of subcellular dynamics, in investigation of post-embryonic development and physiology