A molecular diagnostic for tropical race 4 of the banana

This study analysed genomic variation of the translation elongation factor 1 (TEF-1) and the intergenic spacer region (IGS) of the nuclear ribosomal operon of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) isolates, from different banana production areas, representing strains within the known races, comprising 20 vegetative compatibility groups

A Detection Method for Tropical Race 4 of the Banana Pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) is the causal agent of Fusarium wilt, the devastating disease that ruined the ‘Gros Michel’ (AAA)-based banana production in the first half of the 20th century. The occurrence of a new variant in Southeast Asia that overcomes the resistance in Cavendish clones such as ‘Grand Naine’ (AAA) is a major concern to current banana production worldwide. The threat posed by this new variant, called tropical race 4 (TR4), may be overcome by the introduction of resistant cultivars. However, the identification of new resistant sources or breeding for resistance is a long-term effort. Currently, the only option to control the disease is to avoid or reduce the spread of the pathogen by eradication of infected plants and isolation of infested plantations. This requires sensitive and highly specific diagnostics that enable early detection of the pathogen. A two-locus database of DNA sequences, from over 800 different isolates from multiple formae speciales of F. oxysporum, was used to develop a molecular diagnostic tool that specifically detects isolates from the vegetative compatibility group (VCG) 01213, which encompasses the Foc TR4 genotype. This diagnostic tool was able to detect all Foc TR4 isolates tested, while none of the Foc isolates from 19 VCGs other than 01213 showed any reaction. In addition, the developed diagnostic tool was able to detect Foc TR4 when using DNA samples from different tissues of ‘Grand Naine’ plants inoculated with TR4 isolate

Figurative Language In Dr. Seuss The Lorax Movie Script: A Pragmatic Perspective

This research is about figurative language. This research is descriptive qualitative research which aims at: (1) describing the types of figurative language, (2) clarifying the implicature, and (3) revealing violated maxim of Dr.Seuss The Lorax movie script. The data used in this research are utterances containing figurative language found in Dr.Seuss The Lorax movie. The techniques of collecting data used are documentation by content analysis and observation. The techniques of analyzing data are data reduction, data presentation and conclusion. One datum analysis answers three research problems at once. The data are analyzed by using figurative language theory of Perrine (1977), the speech situation is analyzed by using aspects of speech situation of Leech (1999), the implicature is analyzed by using the theory of Yule (1996), and the violated maxim is analyzed by using the theory of Grice (1975). From the analysis of 35 data number of figurative language, the result of the study shows that: (1) There are ten types of figurative language namely hyperbole (25.71%), metaphore (25.71%), personification (17.14%), simile (11.42%), metonymy (5.72%), irony (2.86%), understatement (2.86%), allusions (2.86%), idiom (2.86), and proverb (2.86%). (2) The implicature of figurative language covers conventioanl implicature (0%) and conversational implicature that consists of generalized conversational implicature (5.71%) and paticularized conversational implicature (94.29%). (3) The violated maxim of these data are violated maxim of quantity (14.28%), violated maxim of quality (74.30%), violated maxim of relevant (5.71%) and violated maxim of manner (5.71%). Keywords: descriptive qualitative, Dr.Seuss The Lorax, figurative language,implicature, violated maxim

Optimizing the Emitter Layer for Higher Efficiency Solar Cell Based SiGe Using AMPS1D

The thin-film SiGe is considered as promising candidate to meet the outstanding need for photovoltaic applications with enhanced adsorption characteristics and improved conversion efficiency [1-6]. In this paper, we simulated a solar cell type SiGe using AMPS1D (Analysis of Microelectronic and photonic structure) developed at Pennsylvania State University, to analyze emitter layer (thickness, doping) and we studied their influence on the photovoltaic solar cell. The simulation result shows that the maximum efficiency of 16.181 % has been achieved, with short circuit current density of 32.657 mA/cm2, open circuit voltage of 0.61 V and fill factor of 0.809. The obtained results show that the proposed design can be considered as a potential candidate for high performance photovoltaic applications

Search for displaced vertices arising from decays of new heavy particles in 7 TeV pp collisions at ATLAS

We present the results of a search for new, heavy particles that decay at a significant distance from their production point into a final state containing charged hadrons in association with a high-momentum muon. The search is conducted in a pp-collision data sample with a center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV and an integrated luminosity of 33 pb^-1 collected in 2010 by the ATLAS detector operating at the Large Hadron Collider. Production of such particles is expected in various scenarios of physics beyond the standard model. We observe no signal and place limits on the production cross-section of supersymmetric particles in an R-parity-violating scenario as a function of the neutralino lifetime. Limits are presented for different squark and neutralino masses, enabling extension of the limits to a variety of other models.Comment: 8 pages plus author list (20 pages total), 8 figures, 1 table, final version to appear in Physics Letters

Measurement of the polarisation of W bosons produced with large transverse momentum in pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV with the ATLAS experiment

This paper describes an analysis of the angular distribution of W->enu and W->munu decays, using data from pp collisions at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV recorded with the ATLAS detector at the LHC in 2010, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of about 35 pb^-1. Using the decay lepton transverse momentum and the missing transverse energy, the W decay angular distribution projected onto the transverse plane is obtained and analysed in terms of helicity fractions f0, fL and fR over two ranges of W transverse momentum (ptw): 35 < ptw < 50 GeV and ptw > 50 GeV. Good agreement is found with theoretical predictions. For ptw > 50 GeV, the values of f0 and fL-fR, averaged over charge and lepton flavour, are measured to be : f0 = 0.127 +/- 0.030 +/- 0.108 and fL-fR = 0.252 +/- 0.017 +/- 0.030, where the first uncertainties are statistical, and the second include all systematic effects.Comment: 19 pages plus author list (34 pages total), 9 figures, 11 tables, revised author list, matches European Journal of Physics C versio

Observation of a new chi_b state in radiative transitions to Upsilon(1S) and Upsilon(2S) at ATLAS

The chi_b(nP) quarkonium states are produced in proton-proton collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at sqrt(s) = 7 TeV and recorded by the ATLAS detector. Using a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 4.4 fb^-1, these states are reconstructed through their radiative decays to Upsilon(1S,2S) with Upsilon->mu+mu-. In addition to the mass peaks corresponding to the decay modes chi_b(1P,2P)->Upsilon(1S)gamma, a new structure centered at a mass of 10.530+/-0.005 (stat.)+/-0.009 (syst.) GeV is also observed, in both the Upsilon(1S)gamma and Upsilon(2S)gamma decay modes. This is interpreted as the chi_b(3P) system.Comment: 5 pages plus author list (18 pages total), 2 figures, 1 table, corrected author list, matches final version in Physical Review Letter

Search for direct production of charginos and neutralinos in events with three leptons and missing transverse momentum in √s = 7 TeV pp collisions with the ATLAS detector

A search for the direct production of charginos and neutralinos in final states with three electrons or muons and missing transverse momentum is presented. The analysis is based on 4.7 fb−1 of proton–proton collision data delivered by the Large Hadron Collider and recorded with the ATLAS detector. Observations are consistent with Standard Model expectations in three signal regions that are either depleted or enriched in Z-boson decays. Upper limits at 95% confidence level are set in R-parity conserving phenomenological minimal supersymmetric models and in simplified models, significantly extending previous results