Parasitoses Intestinales Et Statut Nutritionnel Chez L’enfant À Guédiawaye Au Sénégal

Introduction : Les parasitoses intestinales constituent un problème majeur de santé dans le monde particulièrement dans les pays en voie de développement. Afin de réduire l’ampleur de ces affections, le Ministère de la Santé du Sénégal a introduit en 2005 le déparasitage de masse systématique des enfants conformément aux recommandations de l’Organisation Mondiale pour la Santé (OMS). L’objectif de ce travail était de déterminer la prévalence des parasitoses intestinales et leur impact sur l’anémie et la nutrition quelques années après l’instauration de la chimiothérapie préventive. Matériels et méthodes : Etude transversale du 1er septembre 2017 au 28 février 2018 au niveau du service de pédiatrie du Centre Hospitalier Roi Baudouin de Guédiawaye. Un effectif de 375 enfants avait participé à l’étude, avec un âge moyen 44 mois et une prédominance masculine (54,1%). Pour chaque enfant reçu, un examen direct de selles et après une concentration par technique de Ritchie étaient effectués. L’état nutritionnel a été appréciés et les paramètres hématologiques évalués. Résultats : Au total, 103 enfants étaient porteurs de parasites soit une prévalence globale de 27,5%. Les helminthes étaient beaucoup plus représentatifs que les protozoaires et les espèces parasitaires les plus fréquentes étaient Ascaris lumbricoides (18,14%), Trichocéphales (3,74%), et Entamoeba coli (2,67%). L’état nutritionnel était normal chez 265 enfants tandis que 18,9% et 10,5% avaient respectivement une malnutrition aigüe modérée (MAM) et une malnutrition aigüe sévère (MAS). Nous avons noté une association significative entre la parasitose intestinale et la malnutrition (p=0,035 et OR=1,66). L’anémie était sévère chez 4,8% des enfants et modérée chez 68,6%. Une corrélation entre les parasitoses intestinales et la survenue d’une anémie a été démontrée (p=0,001 et OR=2,6). Conclusion : La prévalence des parasitoses intestinales reste élevée en banlieue dakaroise malgré le déparasitage de masse. L’amélioration des conditions de vie et l’élargissement du déparasitage aux enfants de plus de 5 ans pourraient rendre plus efficiente cette stratégie. Introduction: Intestinal parasitosis is a major health problem in the world, particularly in developing countries. In order to reduce the scale of these diseases, the Ministry of Health of Senegal introduced, in 2005, the systematic mass deworming of children in accordance with the recommendations of the World Health Organisation (WHO). This paper focuses on determining the prevalence of intestinal parasites and their impact on anemia and nutrition a few years after the initiation of preventive chemotherapy. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from 1st September 2017 to 28th February 2018 at the pediatric ward of the hospital center Roi Baudouin in Guédiawaye, Senegal. A total of 375 children participated in the study, with a mean age of 44 months and a male predominance (54.1%). Each child received a direct stool examination after a concentration using Ritchie techniques was obtained. The nutritional status was assessed and the hematological parameters evaluated. Results: A total of 103 children had parasites, with an overall prevalence of 27.5%. Helminths were much more representative than the protozoa, and the most common parasitic species were Ascaris lumbricoides (18.14%), whipworms (3.74%), and Entamoeba coli (2.67%). Nutritional status was normal in 265 children, while 18.9% and 10.5% respectively had moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) and severe acute malnutrition (SAM). A significant association between intestinal parasitosis and malnutrition was found (p = 0.035 and OR = 1.66). Anemia was severe in 4.8% of children and moderate in 68.6%. There was a link between intestinal parasitosis and the occurrence of anemia (p = 0.001 and OR = 2.6). Conclusion: The prevalence of intestinal parasitosis remains high in the suburbs of Dakar despite mass deworming. Improving living conditions and expanding deworming to children over 5 years of age could make this strategy more efficient

Carbone des sols en Afrique

Les sols sont une ressource essentielle à préserver pour la production d’aliments, de fibres, de biomasse, pour la filtration de l’eau, la préservation de la biodiversité et le stockage du carbone. En tant que réservoirs de carbone, les sols sont par ailleurs appelés à jouer un rôle primordial dans la lutte contre l’augmentation de la concentration de gaz à effet de serre. Ils sont ainsi au centre des objectifs de développement durable (ODD) des Nations unies, notamment les ODD 2 « Faim zéro », 13 « Lutte contre le changement climatique », 15 « Vie terrestre », 12 « Consommation et production responsables » ou encore 1 « Pas de pauvreté ». Cet ouvrage présente un état des lieux des sols africains dans toute leur diversité, mais au-delà, il documente les capacités de stockage de carbone selon les types de sols et leurs usages en Afrique. Il propose également des recommandations autour de l’acquisition et de l’interprétation des données, ainsi que des options pour préserver, voire augmenter les stocks de carbone dans les sols. Tous les chercheurs et acteurs du développement impliqués dans les recherches sur le rôle du carbone des sols sont concernés par cette synthèse collective. Fruit d’une collaboration entre chercheurs africains et européens, ce livre insiste sur la nécessité de prendre en compte la grande variété des contextes agricoles et forestiers africains pour améliorer nos connaissances sur les capacités de stockage de carbone des sols et lutter contre le changement climatique

Rare predicted loss-of-function variants of type I IFN immunity genes are associated with life-threatening COVID-19

Background: We previously reported that impaired type I IFN activity, due to inborn errors of TLR3- and TLR7-dependent type I interferon (IFN) immunity or to autoantibodies against type I IFN, account for 15–20% of cases of life-threatening COVID-19 in unvaccinated patients. Therefore, the determinants of life-threatening COVID-19 remain to be identified in ~ 80% of cases. Methods: We report here a genome-wide rare variant burden association analysis in 3269 unvaccinated patients with life-threatening COVID-19, and 1373 unvaccinated SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals without pneumonia. Among the 928 patients tested for autoantibodies against type I IFN, a quarter (234) were positive and were excluded. Results: No gene reached genome-wide significance. Under a recessive model, the most significant gene with at-risk variants was TLR7, with an OR of 27.68 (95%CI 1.5–528.7, P = 1.1 × 10−4) for biochemically loss-of-function (bLOF) variants. We replicated the enrichment in rare predicted LOF (pLOF) variants at 13 influenza susceptibility loci involved in TLR3-dependent type I IFN immunity (OR = 3.70[95%CI 1.3–8.2], P = 2.1 × 10−4). This enrichment was further strengthened by (1) adding the recently reported TYK2 and TLR7 COVID-19 loci, particularly under a recessive model (OR = 19.65[95%CI 2.1–2635.4], P = 3.4 × 10−3), and (2) considering as pLOF branchpoint variants with potentially strong impacts on splicing among the 15 loci (OR = 4.40[9%CI 2.3–8.4], P = 7.7 × 10−8). Finally, the patients with pLOF/bLOF variants at these 15 loci were significantly younger (mean age [SD] = 43.3 [20.3] years) than the other patients (56.0 [17.3] years; P = 1.68 × 10−5). Conclusions: Rare variants of TLR3- and TLR7-dependent type I IFN immunity genes can underlie life-threatening COVID-19, particularly with recessive inheritance, in patients under 60 years old

COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≤ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≥ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P < 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

Vers des manuels de cours universitaires ouverts et interactifs promouvant l’apprentissage auto-régulé

National audienceNous décrivons un prototype de Manuel ouvert, online et massif (MOOT) auquel on peut intégrer diverses fonctionnalités utilisant des tech- niques de Traitement automatique de la langue, afin de promouvoir l’apprentissage auto-régulé. Nous discutons également de l’intérêt de disposer de ressources largement ouvertes, accessibles et flexibles dans l’enseignement supérieur

Vers des manuels de cours universitaires ouverts et interactifs promouvant l’apprentissage auto-régulé

National audienceNous décrivons un prototype de Manuel ouvert, online et massif (MOOT) auquel on peut intégrer diverses fonctionnalités utilisant des tech- niques de Traitement automatique de la langue, afin de promouvoir l’apprentissage auto-régulé. Nous discutons également de l’intérêt de disposer de ressources largement ouvertes, accessibles et flexibles dans l’enseignement supérieur

Study of the Activation Process of a 2 m3 Pilot Biodigester on a Microfarm Site

International audienc

Evaluation du Potentiel Mycorhizien des sols Pollués de la Décharge M’Ploussoue de Bonoua, Côte D’Ivoire

L’accumulation de substances toxiques telles que des éléments traces métalliques (ETM) dans les sols du site de la décharge de M’Ploussoue de Bonoua pourrait affecter la prolifération des microorganismes plus spécifiquement la sporulation et la germination des spores des Champignons Mycorhiziens à Arbuscules (CMA).C’est pour répondre à cette préoccupation que la présente étude s’est fixée pour but d’évaluer le potentiel mycorhizien des champignons indigènes des sols pollués de la décharge du Parc M’Ploussoué de Bonoua grâce à un test biologique avec Zea mays L. et Acacia mangium, comme des plantes pièges des microorganismes indigènes. Ainsi, après 45 jours de culture, le potentiel mycorhizien a été déterminé à partir de l’extraction desspores par tamisage humide, de la coloration des racines au bleu de trypan et du dénombrement des souches fongiques. L’analyse macroscopique des spores et des souches fongiques a révélé la présence du genre Glomus sp. (90%) appartenant à l’ordre des Glomales et également d’espèces peu spécifiques à acacia comme Aspergillus sp., Fusarium sp., Trichoderma sp. et Penicillium sp. L’examen microscopique des racines de Zea mays et de Acacia mangium a indiqué une fréquence (80 to 90%), une intensité (15 to 40%) de mycorrhization et un nombre d’arbuscules (87,5%) et de vésicules (12 to 100%) très importants sur le sol pollué. La formation des types de structures endomycorhiziens (vésicules et arbuscules) suggère la présence de champignons endomycorhiziens vesiculo-arbusculaires (CMVA) symbiotiques capables d’initier une symbiose et de favoriser un meilleur développement Acacia mangium malgré la pollution. Au su de ces résultats, les spores des CMVA de ce site pourraient être utilisées dans la remédiation du site.   English title: Assessment of the Mycorrhizal Potential of Polluted Soils of M’Ploussoue Landfill in Bonoua, Côte D’Ivoire The accumulation of toxic substances such as metallic trace elements (TME) in landfill soils of the M'Ploussoue site in Bonoua could affect microorganisms proliferation specifically the sporulation and germination of spores of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF). To address this concern, this study was to assess the mycorrhizal fungi indigenous potential of polluted soils of M’Ploussoue landfill in Bonoua by a biological test with Zea mays L. and Acacia mangium Wild, as an host plants in trap culture of indigenous mycorrhizal fungi. After 45 days of culture, the mycorrhizal potential was determined through the extraction of the spores by soil wet sieving, the roots clearing with trypan blue and the count of fungal strains. The macroscopic analyzis of the spore and fungi strains revealed the majoritory presence of Glomus spp. (90%) belonging to the Glomal orderand also the presence of nonspecific fungi especies to acacia as Aspergillus spp., Fusarium spp., Trichoderma spp. and Penicillium spp. The microscopic examination of Zea mays and Acacia mangium roots indicated frequency (80 to 90%), intensity (15 to 40%) and arbuscule contents (87.5%) and vesicles (12 to 100%) are very important in polluted soil. The formation of typical endomycorrhizal structures (vesicles and arbuscules) suggests the presence of symbiotic vesiculo-arbuscular endomycorrhizal fungi (VAMF) able to promote better Acacia mangium development despite soil pollution. Based on these results, the spores of VAFM fungi from this site could be used in the remediation of the site

An observational analysis of the impact of indoor residual spraying in two distinct contexts of Burkina Faso

Abstract Background Indoor residual spraying (IRS) is a cornerstone malaria control intervention in Burkina Faso. From 2018 to 2021, non-pyrethroid IRS was implemented annually in two regions of Burkina Faso with distinct malaria transmission patterns, concurrently with annual seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC), and a mass insecticide-treated net (ITN) distribution in 2019. Methods A retrospective quasi-experimental approach was used to evaluate the impact of the 2018, 2020, and 2021 IRS campaigns on routinely reported confirmed malaria case incidence at health facilities. The 2019 campaign was excluded due to lack of data reporting during a health sector strike. Controlled interrupted time series models were fit to detect changes in level and trend in malaria case incidence rates following each IRS campaign when compared to the baseline period 24-months before IRS. IRS districts Solenzo (Sudano-Sahelien climate), and Kampti (tropical climate) were compared with neighbouring control districts and the analyses were stratified by region. Modelled health facility catchment population estimates based on travel time to health facilities and weighted by non-malaria outpatient visits were used as an offset. The study period encompassed July 2016 through June 2022, excluding July 2018 to June 2019. Results District-level population and structure coverage achieved by IRS campaigns was greater than 85% in 2018, 2020, and 2021 in Solenzo and Kampti. In Solenzo a significant difference in malaria case incidence rates was detected after the 2018 campaign (IRR = 0.683; 95% CI 0.564–0.827) when compared to the control district. The effect was not detected following the 2020 or 2021 IRS campaigns. In Kampti, estimated malaria incidence rates were between 36 and 38% lower than in the control district following all three IRS campaigns compared to the baseline period. Conclusions Implementation of IRS in Kampti, a tropical region of Burkina Faso, appeared to have a consistent significant beneficial impact on malaria case rates. An initial positive impact in Solenzo after the first IRS campaign was not sustained in the successive evaluated IRS campaigns. This study points to a differential effect of IRS in different malaria transmission settings and in combination with ITN and SMC implementation

A framework for national-scale predictions of forage dry mass in Senegal: UAVs as an intermediate step between field measurements and Sentinel-2 images

International audienceMonitoring available feed for livestock is a key factor for developing pastoralism in the Sahel, and satellite images has proven useful in monitoring dry mass on large spatial scales. This approach requires field measurements of dry mass (herbaceous and woody plants) to calibrate such models based on Earth observation data. However, the need for representative field measurements can be a challenge when considering the low spatial resolution of available satellite data. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) can produce very high-resolution images, so we tested UAVs as an intermediate step between field measurements and satellite images, to bridge the difference in spatial scale. We used 43 orthomosaics from a red-green-blue (RGB) UAV sensor in combination with field measurements of herbaceous and woody dry biomass at sites located primarily in the northern/central and southernmost parts of Senegal. We developed a dry mass model trained with filed observed measurements to be applied on the UAV orthomosaics. The dry mass information obtained from these UAV maps was subsequently related to vegetation indices derived from Sentinel-2 data to produce a national-scale 10 m spatial resolution baseline map of herbaceous and woody dry mass for Senegal in 2020. We obtained a high correlation between dry mass derived from UAV and Sentinel-2 indices (R-2 = 0.91), suggesting a robust basis for national-scale mapping. Lastly, our map was compared with a state-of-the-art annual reference map based on satellite remote sensing. This comparison showed a difference of 21 million tons of dry mass at national level. We concluded that bridging the spatial gap between field and satellite observations using spatially representative UAV data collection is a cost-effective approach for accurate mapping of dry mass at national level using freely available Sentinel-2 satellite data