Multivalued Stochastic Delay Differential Equations and Related Stochastic Control Problems

We study the existence and uniqueness of a solution for the multivalued stochastic differential equation with delay (the multivalued term is of subdifferential type): \left\{\begin{array} [c]{r} dX(t)+\partial\varphi\left(X(t)\right) dt\ni b\left(t,X(t),Y(t),Z(t)\right) dt+\sigma\left(t,X(t),Y(t),Z(t)\right)dW(t), \medskip\\ t\in(s,T],\medskip\\ \multicolumn{1}{l}{X(t)=\xi\left(t-s\right) ,\;t\in\left[ s-\delta,s\right] .} \end{array} \right. Specify that in this case the coefficients at time $t$ depends also on previous values of $X\left(t\right)$ through $Y(t)$ and $Z(t)$. Also $X$ is constrained with the help of a bounded variation feedback law $K$ to stay in the convex set $\bar{\mathrm{Dom}\left(\varphi\right)}$. Afterwards we consider optimal control problems where the state $X$ is a solution of a controlled delay stochastic system as above. We establish the dynamic programming principle for the value function and finally we prove that the value function is a viscosity solution for a suitable Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman type equation.Comment: 29 page

Multivalued Backward Stochastic Differential Equations with Time Delayed Generators

Our aim is to study the following new type of multivalued backward stochastic differential equation: \left\{\begin{array} [c]{r}-dY\left(t\right) +\partial\varphi\left(Y\left(t\right)\right) dt\ni F\left(t,Y\left(t\right),Z\left(t\right),Y_{t},Z_{t}\right) dt+Z\left(t\right) dW\left(t\right),\;0\leq t\leq T,\medskip\\ \multicolumn{1}{l}{Y\left(T\right) =\xi,}\end{array} \right. where $\partial\varphi$ is the subdifferential of a convex function and $\left(Y_{t},Z_{t}\right):=(Y(t+\theta),Z(t+\theta))_{\theta\in\lbrack-T,0]}$ represent the past values of the solution over the interval $\left[ 0,t\right]$. Our results are based on the existence theorem from Delong & Imkeller, Ann. Appl. Probab., 2010, concerning backward stochastic differential equations with time delayed generators.Comment: 14 page

Justice That Heals: Transforming Discipline in Schools Through Restorative Practices

Discipline is not simply a tool but a weapon — one that American educators have wielded for generations to regulate children and enforce habits of self-control and accountability. In a world where institutionalized forms of discrimination continue to plague judicial and educational systems alike, vis-à-vis the school-to-prison pipeline, the question must be asked: When does discipline stray beyond its intended purpose and into the realm of punishment? This thesis discusses the historical and contemporary implications of punitive discipline and its effects on students, particularly students of color and disabled students. Retributive policies such as suspensions, expulsions, physical restraint, and seclusions are systematically weaponized against the community’s most vulnerable students and continuously funnel them into the school-to-prison pipeline. In place of punitive discipline, this thesis puts forth restorative and transformative justice frameworks to be adopted. These alternative forms of justice are centered around communication, harm reduction, and healing. This paper presents an analysis of a study that examines the impact of restorative justice on disciplinary policies in the seven largest school districts in each of the following eight states of study: Alaska, California, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, New York, Pennsylvania, and Texas. The impact is measured by instances of suspensions, expulsions, mechanical and physical restraints, as well as seclusions. The findings from the study suggest that the relationship between restorative justice and non-carceral discipline policies is less linear than the hypothesis presumed and that more research is needed in the field. Irrespective of quantitative results, punitive measures, when overused or misused, can be, and very often are, detrimental to the well-being and success of children. It is essential that disciplinary policies promote a culture of empathy, respect, and understanding, rather than punishment

Strategy for Increased Stability in Africa

During the 1960s, independence swept Africa like fire on the savannah. As country after country threw off the yoke of imperialism and colonialism, nationalism and self-determination rose to replace them. Many intellectuals, economists, and philosophers, in both Africa and the more developed countries, firmly believed that the continent faced a brilliant future

Key Facts About Very Small U.S. Nonprofits (Form 990-N Filers)

This fact sheet describes what we know about very small U.S. 501(c)(3) nonprofit organizations—those who are eligible to file the Form 990-N for their annual filing requirement with the IRS. The fact sheet describes characteristics about their age, the issue areas they address, and location. It also describes who leads very small nonprofits and how much foundation funding these organizations receive

The state of diversity in the U.S. nonprofit sector

Over the past five years, Candid has invited nonprofits to share demographic information about their organizations on their Candid profiles. Based on an analysis of this data, The state of diversity in the U.S. nonprofit sector provides an overview of the sector across four demographic categories—race, gender, sexual orientation, and disability status. Designed to increase transparency about diversity at nonprofits, highlight key macro-level findings, and offer a snapshot and a baseline to track collective progress toward diversity, equity, and inclusion, the report is divided into four parts. Section 1 focuses on representation among nonprofit employees and examines how diversity shifts across different levels of leadership. Section 2 examines CEO diversity within different types of organizations. Section 3 focuses on nonprofit board composition—including average board size and average representation of different identities on boards. Finally, section 4 takes a closer look at differences between organizations that have majority BIPOC leadership and majority white leadership

Bioenergy policy in Cote d'ivoire

Thesis(Master) --KDI School:Master of Public Policy,2013masterpublishedDiomande, Younoussa

Analyse technique de l’elevage du poulet traditionnel en milieu rural dans le Departement de Dimbokro en Cote d’Ivoire

Une étude a été menée dans le département de Dimbokro sur l’analyse technique de l’élevage du poulet traditionnel en milieu rural. Ainsi, une enquête a été menée auprès de 90 éleveurs. Les résultats ont montré que 59 % des aviculteurs étaient des hommes et analphabètes n’ayant suivi pour la plupart aucune formation avicole. Les éleveurs nourrissaient leurs poulets avec différents types d’aliments dont les plus utilisés à 80 % ont été des céréales, tubercules et fruits., Mieux, 86 % des aviculteurs n’avaient pas d’habitat pour les poulets. Les prophylaxies médicale et sanitaire étaient quasi inexistantes mais 18 % des éleveurs appliquaient des soins traditionnels dans leur élevage. Par conséquent, des investigations sur des stratégies d’amélioration de l’aviculture traditionnelle doivent être définies dans le département de Dimbokro en Côte d’Ivoire. Mots-clés : Analyse technique, poulet traditionnel, élevage, Dimbokro. English title: Technical analysis of traditional chicken breeding in rural areas in the Department of Dimbokro in Ivory Coast A study was conducted in the Dimbokro department on the technical analysis of traditional chicken farming in rural areas. Thus, a survey was  conducted with 90 breeders. The results showed that 59% of poultry breeders were men with and illiterate having mostly followed no poultry  training. Farmers fed their chickens with different types of feed, and the most used at 80% were cereals, tubers and fruits. In another hand, 86% did not have habitats for the chickens. Medical and sanitary prophylaxis were almost non-existent but 18% of the breeders, applied traditional care in  their farm. Therefore investigations on strategies to improve traditional poultry farming are in due to be define in the department of Dimbokro in Ivory Coast. Keywords: Technical analysis, traditional chicken, breeding, Dimbokro

HISTOIRE DES NOMS PATRONYMIQUES EN AFRIQUE DE L’OUEST : LE CAS DES DIOMANDE DE CÔTE D’IVOIRE.

Résumé : Ce travail étudie le nom Diomandé, en montrant aux porteurs de ce nom un repère identitaire. La méthodologie est basée sur les sources orales et écrites. Les Diomandé font partie de l’aire culturelle Mandé. Ils sont originaires de Gbèssoba dans la Région de Kankan actuel Guinée. les Diomandé  seraient au   départ du nom patronymique Camara. C’est en Guinée que leur ancêtre Camara prend le nom de son fétiche DJO. Qui va devenir plutard par prononciation Diomandé. Ils ont migré en Côte d’Ivoire au XVIème siècle. On dénombre plusieurs types de Diomandé. Cependant, ils ont le même ancêtre. En Côte d’Ivoire, on rencontre les Diomandé dans les ethnies suivantes : les Mahouka installés dans la région du Bafing, les Koyaka dans la région du Worodougou, les Dan ou Yacouba et Toura dans la région Tonkpi, précisément dans le Département de Biankouma.  Les Diomandé pratiquent deux types d’alliance. Ce sont : les alliances de noms et les alliances interculturelles. Mots-clés : Diomandé, nom patronymique, ancêtre, ethnies, les Mahouka