Cryogenic liquid level measuring probe

Universal probe, which contains a unique frequency discriminator, measures the static and dynamic levels of cryogenic liquids in a hydrogen bubble chamber. The probe allows boiling conditions or other turbulence to be observed throughout all the transition stages

Indexing Beef Cattle

The primary purpose of this circular is to furnish some simplifications in the procedure presently in use in South Dakota for indexing beef cattle. As more data become available, t h e s e methods may change and in that event, supplements will be distributed. Such differences as exist between the shortcut methods presented here and those presently in use will be pointed out as they are taken up in the circular. The methods presented here are based on data taken in private herds in the state as well as in Experiment Station herds. Where there appeared to be a difference, data from private herds were used so that the results would be more widely applicable. This publication is not intended to replace the present Extension Service circular dealing with methods and procedures of performance testing. For details concerning methods, the reader should consult the circular available through the Extension Service

Indexing Beef Cattle (Revised March 1965)

The primary purpose of this circular is to furnish some simplifications in the procedure presently in use in South Dakota for indexing beef cattle. As more data become available, these methods may change and in that event, supplements will be distributed. Such differences as exist between the shortcut methods presented here and those presently in use will be pointed out as they are taken up in the circular. The methods presented here are based on data taken in private herds in the state as well as in Experiment Station herds. Where there appeared to be a difference, data from private herds were used so that the results would be more widely applicable. This publication is not intended to replace the present Extension Service circular dealing with methods and procedures of performance testing. For details concerning methods, the reader should consult the circular available through the Extension Service

Agricultural Research at the Reed Ranch Substation: A Progress Report

Reed Ranch is located in Lyman County about midway between Pierre and Presho. It consists of 2,160 acres used for grazing and hay production. This ranch has been used for nearly 20 years as a field laboratory for selenium research. On November 16, 1936, an agreement between the South Dakota State College Agricultural Experiment Station and the South Central South Dakota Land Adjustment Project of the Resettlement Administration outlined a program of cooperative research dealing with selenium poisoning. The program was initiated during 1937 and has continued since. As governmental organization has changed over the intervening years, the cooperating agency representing the Federal Government has also changed from time to time. The present cooperating agency is the U. S. Forest Service. The agreement now in effect covers the period from 1954 to 1964, and renewal beyond that period is anticipated. The present long-range policy has permitted the Experiment Station to make much needed physical improvements that have made the work at Reed Ranch easier and more efficient since 1953. The facilities for handling cattle have been rebuilt, living facilities modernized, and some additional fencing has been done. A shelterbelt has been planted north of the farmstead and 80 acres of native hayland are being replanted to alfalfa. The purpose of this publication is to acquaint citizens of South Dakota with research at Reed Ranch. It summarizes past and present experimentation and outlines plans for the future. This ranch is unique as a substation in that it was provided and is maintained to obtain information concerning chronic selenium poisoning or “alkali disease” in range cattle

Predicting Beef Palatability

The search for factors influencing the palatability of beef continues. The relative importance of variables in the USDA quality grading system that currently predicts acceptability and palatability has been questioned. The effect of marbling on palatability is one of the more controversial aspects. Marbling is one of the prime factors in determining the quality grade of a beef carcass and researchers have shown that other variables may play an equal or more important role influencing the eating quality of beef. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of commonly-used predictors of palatability and to consider the possible influence of other carcass measures as predictors of palatability. Palatability, as defined in this study, was measured by the subjective taste panel scores for flavor, juiciness and tenderness. Tenderness mas measured objectively with the Warner-Bratzler shear instrument

Agricultural Research at the Antelope Range Field Station: A Progress Report

South Dakota State College research workers, with the help of the Field Station Advisory Council and the cooperation of the South Dakota Department of Game, Fish, and Parks, began planning and establishing experimental projects at the Antelope Range Field Station in 1947. The Range Station consists of 7,920 acres of range Janel in east-central Harding County. A large part of this tract, 6,680 acres, is under the control of the state office of School and Public Lands; 1,120 acres are owned by the Department of Game, Fish and Parks; and 120 acres are privately owned by a neighbor. Prior to 1946 the preserve area was leased for grazing to private interests. The 1957 Legislature authorized the exchange of the 1,120 acres owned by the Game, Fish and Parks Department for School and Public Lands located elsewhere in the state. Negotiations to accomplish the land exchange are in progress at the time of this writing. The station lies 2 miles south of Highway No. 8 on the west side of the Slim Buttes. The land is rolling prairie, deeply cut in some places by intermittent streams, and unsuitable for most agricultural purposes except grazing. This area was originally organized as an antelope preserve and for many years was operated as such under the control of the Game, Fish and Parks Department. In the fall of 1946, at the request of livestock men of western South Dakota, representing the Western South Dakota Sheep Growers\u27 Association, the Cooperative wool Growers\u27 of South Dakota, the Black Hills\u27 Protective Association, Harding County Livestock Improvement Association, South Dakota Purebred Sheep Breeders Association, and the South Dakota Stockgrowers\u27 Association, the Game, Fish and Parks Commission entered into an agreement to permit the South Dakota State College Agricultural Experiment Station to use the Antelope Range Preserve as a livestock experiment field station for range research in problems dealing with beef cattle, sheep, and antelope. Representatives of the organizations formed an advisory council to assist in developing the station and suggesting problems that needed research study. The orginal advisory committee and the animal husbandry department research men compiled a list of 21 major problems that would be suitable for development at the Antelope Range Field Station, although not all of these could be handled at once. Actual research work was started in 1947. The first experimental livestock with which the ranch was stocked were sheep, but within the first year a cow herd was added. Of the 21 problems suggested, parasitism in sheep, stocking rate and rotational grazing studies with sheep, supplements for wintering pregnant ewes, and beef cattle breeding research were the ones undertaken and upon which sufficient data have been collected to warrant publication of the results. Many of these studies are still underway. One of the early goals was to discover basic information on compatibility of sheep and antelope grazing on the same range in respect to carrying capacity of the range, parasites common to both species, and the host parasite interrelationships. Unfortunately this work has yielded little information because of difficulties in handling antelope either in captivity or under controlled conditions on range pastures. The other experiments have been carried forward and the results to date are reported in this bulletin

Characterization of Hereford and Two-Breed Rotational Crosses of Hereford With Angus and Simmental Cattle: Carcass Traits of Steers

Calf carcass traits were evaluated for Simmental (S) x Hereford (H) and Angus (A) x H cross cows in two-breed rotations and for straightbred H. Data were grouped into seven dam breed categories: straightbred Hereford (H), F1 S x H cows (SH), S x H cows of low percentage H (SHS), S x H cows of high percentage H (HSH), F1 A x H cows (AH), A x H cows of low percentage H (AHA) and A x H cows of high percentage H (HAH). Straightbred H and crossbred SH, AH, SHS and AHA cows were mated to H bulls, HSH cows were mated to S bulls and HAH cows were mated to A bulls. Calves from S x H dams produced heavier carcasses with less fat, lower quality grade, larger longissimus area and increased estimated cutability compared to calves from H or A x H dams. Some significant intergenerational differences were observed within rotations, particularly within S x H. Calves from HSH cows mated to S bulls produced carcasses with less fat cover, lower quality grade, larger longissimus muscle area and higher estimated cutability compared to calves from SHS dams mated to H bulls. Within both rotations, evaluation of carcass weight per day of age indicated lower postweaning rate of gain for generations in which H was the sire breed. A separate analysis evaluated carcass traits of calves from SHS, HSH, AHA and HAH dam breed groups from the last 3 years of the study when calves were fed under two different postweaning management systems. With Management System One, the concentrate to roughage ratio was increased less rapidly and calves averaged 122 days older at slaughter and carcass weights averaged 128 Ib heavier compared to calves fed under Management System Two. The breed group x postweaning management system interaction effect approached significance only for marbling score, estimated cutability and kidney, pelvic and heart fat

Addressing and Evaluating Health Literacy in mHealth: A Scoping Review

BACKGROUND: Recent surveys have revealed many adults have basic or below basic health literacy, which is linked to medical errors, increased illness, and compromised public health. Health literacy as a concept is multi-faceted extending beyond the individual to include social structures and the context in which health information is being accessed. Delivering health information via mobile devices (mHealth) expands the amount of information available while presenting challenges to ensuring these materials are suitable for a variety of literacy needs. The aims of this study are to discover how health literacy is addressed and evaluated in mHealth app development. METHODS: A scoping review of 5 peer-reviewed databases was conducted. Eligible articles were written in English, addressed general literacy or mHealth/digital/eHealth literacy, and collected literacy information in order to incorporate literacy into the design and/or modification of an app or collected literacy information to describe the population being studied. The Health Literacy Online (HLO) United States (U.S.) government guide was used as a framework. RESULTS: Thirty-two articles were reviewed. Articles included health literacy recommendations for all HLO categories and some recommendations not aligned with these categories. Most articles addressed health literacy using specific HLO categories though none incorporated every HLO category. The most common categories addressed engagement and testing of mHealth content. Though several studies addressed health literacy through a formal assessment tool, most did not. Evaluation of health literacy in mHealth was end-user focused and did not extensively evaluate content for fit to a variety of individuals with limited health literacy. CONCLUSIONS: The recommendations seen consistently in our results in conjunction with formal HLO categories can act as beginning steps towards development of a health literacy evaluation tool for mHealth apps themselves. It is clear efforts are being made to reduce barriers to using mHealth for those with literacy deficits, however, it was also clear that this space has room to be more pragmatic in evaluation of mHealth tools for literacy. End user engagement in design and testing is necessary in future mHealth literacy tool development

Early growth response gene-2 (Egr-2) regulates the development of B and T cells

The study was supported by Arthritis Research UK. Copyright @ 2011 Li et al.BACKGROUND: Understanding of how transcription factors are involved in lymphocyte development still remains a challenge. It has been shown that Egr-2 deficiency results in impaired NKT cell development and defective positive selection of T cells. Here we investigated the development of T, B and NKT cells in Egr-2 transgenic mice and the roles in the regulation of distinct stages of B and T cell development. METHODS AND FINDINGS: The expression of Egr1, 2 and 3 were analysed at different stages of T and B cell development by RT-PCT and results showed that the expression was strictly regulated at different stages. Forced expression of Egr-2 in CD2+ lymphocytes resulted in a severe reduction of CD4+CD8+ (DP) cells in thymus and pro-B cells in bone marrow, which was associated with reduced expression of Notch1 in ISP thymocytes and Pax5 in pro-B cells, suggesting that retraction of Egr-2 at the ISP and pro-B cell stages is important for the activation of lineage differentiation programs. In contrast to reduction of DP and pro-B cells, Egr-2 enhanced the maturation of DP cells into single positive (SP) T and NKT cells in thymus, and immature B cells into mature B cells in bone marrow. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that Egr-2 expressed in restricted stages of lymphocyte development plays a dynamic, but similar role for the development of T, NKT and B cells.This article is provided by the Brunel Open Access publishing fund