Effect of stratification treatments on germination of Sorbus torminalis L. Crantz (wild service tree) seeds with different origins

Seed characteristics of wild service tree’s (Sorbus torminalis L. Crantz) fruits collected from 4 different regions of the Black Sea region in Turkey and their germination ratio in different environments were considered. The fruits used in the study were collected from trees that are very close to each other. Collected seeds were subjected to cold stratification of +2°C in an environment of 50% peat + 50% perlite in 4 different periods. Measurements done on the seeds used in the planting process show differences with respect to origins. The average size of seeds of Artvin origin was 6.68 mm, average dimater was 3.16 mm and 1000 grains weight was 2.81 g; average size of seeds of Trabzon origin was 6.04 mm, average diameter was 3.67 mm and 1000 grains weight was 3.70 g; average size of seeds of Bartın origin was 5.23 mm, average diameter was 2.88 mm and 1000 grains weight was 1.98 g, while the average size of seeds of Samsun origin was 5.59 mm, average diameter was 3.36 mm, 1000 grains seed weight was 3.07 g. The seeds used in this study were sown in 3 different mediums at the beginning of April. When ratios of seed germination were analyzed, maximum germination occured in the 4 months stratification. Although S. torminalis L. Crantz seeds have germination ratio of 5 – 6%, in this study the maximum germination was seen in seeds from Trabzon origin which were planted in an environment of 80% peat + 20% stream sand, with a ratio of 96.6%, while the minimum germination was seen in Bartın origin seeds that were planted in an environment of 80% peat + 20% stream sand, with a ratio of 13.3%.Keywords: Sorbus torminalis L. Crantz, wild service tree, germination, stratification, seedKeywords: Sorbus torminalis L. Crantz, wild service tree, germination, stratification, seedAfrican Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 9(34), pp. 5535-5541, 23 August, 201

Kurumsal kuram ve rekabet olgusu : inovasyon ve kümelenme açısından bir değerlendirme

06.03.2018 tarihli ve 30352 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan “Yükseköğretim Kanunu İle Bazı Kanun Ve Kanun Hükmünde Kararnamelerde Değişiklik Yapılması Hakkında Kanun” ile 18.06.2018 tarihli “Lisansüstü Tezlerin Elektronik Ortamda Toplanması, Düzenlenmesi ve Erişime Açılmasına İlişkin Yönerge” gereğince tam metin erişime açılmıştır.Kurumsal kuram temelde örgütsel değişim dinamiklerinden ziyade örgütsel eşbiçimliliği ve aynı organizasyon alanında ve aynı sosyal ortamda kararlılığı vurgulayan bir kuram olarak kabul edilmektedir. Yeni kurumsal kurama inovasyon ve kümelenme örgütsel gerçeklikleri açıklamak için birçok değişiklikler, yenilikler, rutinler, kurallar ve ilkeler sunmaktadır. Özellikle inovasyon ve kümelenmenin örgüt toplulukları arasında son yıllarda süratli bir şekilde benimsenmesinin beraberinde getirdiği/getireceği ?kurumsal değişimin? incelenmesi kuram ile ilgili bakış açılarında çeşitli yenilikler ve yeni yaklaşımların geliştirilmesini sağlayabilir. Bu çalışmada inovasyon ve kümelenme kavramları kullanılarak örgüt teorilerinden kurumsal kuramın eşbiçimlilikle ilgili açıklayıcılığı geliştirilmek istenmektedir. Bu çerçevede çalışmanın amacı bir kuram genişletme çabası olarak kendini ortaya koymaktadır.Araştırmanın soru tümcesine ?eşbiçimlilik değişimin bir kaynağı olabilir mi?? bağlı olarak kurgulanan çalışmanın birinci bölümünü kurumsal kuram oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma sorusu çerçevesinde inovasyon ve kümelenme olguları çalışmanın ikinci bölümünü oluşturmuştur. Araştırma seyri çerçevesinde ulaşılan soruları anlamlandırmak için ikinci bölümde inovasyonla ilgili kısmın sonunda kurumsal kuram ve inovasyon ilişkisi, kümelenme ile ilgili kısmın sonunda da kümelenme ve kurumsal kuram ilişkisi tartışılmıştır. Bölüm sonunda ise bu üç olgunun ilişkisi tartışılarak çalışma için teorik bir model oluşturulmuştur. Araştırma seyri çerçevesinde oluşturulan sorular neden/niçin ve nasıl sorularına odaklanmaktadır. Araştırma bir kuram genişletme çabası olarak kendini belirginleştirdiği için araştırma stratejisi olarak vaka çalışması yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Vaka çalışması çerçevesinde yapılan mülakatlar için nitel içerik analizi çalışmada kullanılacak analiz yöntemi olarak belirlenmiştir. Araştırma sorusunun şekillendirdiği yönteme bağlı olarak 8 firma çalışmanın vakaları olarak belirlenmiş ve vakaları oluşturan firmalarda yarı yapılandırılmış mülakatlar gerçekleştirilmiştir. Vakalarla yapılan mülakatlara uygulanan içerik analizi sonucunda şu ana sonuca ulaşılmıştır. Sektörel çeşitlilik ve bu sektörlerin sahip oldukları çevresel koşulların oluşturduğu ve örgütlerin normatif bir biçimde bu kurumsal bağlamın içine gömülü olduğu düşüncesi, kurumsal kuramda örgütlerin her zaman değişime direnç gösterecekleri düşüncesini desteklememektedir. Rekabetin yüksek seviyede yaşandığı ortamlarda, bu bağlam değişime direnç göstermek yerine değişimin desteklendiği ve rekabet edebilmek için sürekli bir değişimin yaşandığı kurumsal bir bağlam haline gelebilmektedir. Bu çalışma, inovasyon ve kümelenmenin kurumsal kuramla ilişki ve etkileşimlerinin mikro, meso ve makro seviyede ortaya çıkarılması amacıyla gerçekleştirilecek genellenebilir araştırmalar ve yeni nitel çalışmalar için bir öncül niteliği taşımaktadır. Farklı sektörler ve bu sektörlere bağlı gelişen teknik ve kurumsal bağlamlar üzerine yapılacak araştırmalar bu çalışmanın sağladığı katkıyı zenginleştirebilir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Kurumsal Kuram, Eşbiçimlilik, İnovasyon, Kümelenme, DeğişimInstitutional theory usually regarded as a theory of organizational isomorphism and stability in the same organizational field and same social environment rather than theory of organizational change. Innovation and clustering provides changes, newness, routines, rules and guidelines that explaining the organizational reality to Neo-Institutional theory. Investigation of the rapid adoption of innovation and clusters, between the organization communities which brought about the ?institutional change?- it may develop new and different perspectives to the institutional theory. This study aims to develop the explanation of isomorphism of the institutional theory about within innovation and cluster concepts. This aim reveals itself as an effort to expanding a theory. Depending of the research question that "Isomorphism can be a source of change?" will construct the first chapter of the study which based on institutional theory. The second chapter of the study consisted of innovation and clustering phenomena within the framework of the research question. At the end of the innovation and cluster sections, discussed relationship between these phenomenons make sense of the research question within institutional theory. Ultimately in the last part of the second chapter a new theoretical model is created from the discussion of the relationship of these three concepts. The research focus which depends on why and how questions requires case study methods as a research strategy in this dissertation. Interviews that executed the course of the case study analyzed with qualitative content analysis method. Depending on the method which shaped from the research question 8 firms determined as cases. And semi structured interviews were conducted in these 8 firms. As a result of the qualitative content analysis of the cases reached the following main conclusion. Organizations exist within an institutional context. This context depends on sectorial diversity and environmental conditions which organizations embodied resist changing. Though this study reveals that claim of the theory about resisting to change depends on sectorial and environmental conditions. To compete in hyper-competition sectors, this context transforms to rapid changing character to support change rather than resistance. This study brings about the relationship and interaction of innovation and cluster between institutional theory in micro, meso and macro levels. Thus it aims to become a pioneer research for new quantitative and qualitative researches. To deepen this argument new research can be conducted in new sectors through new techniques and institutional contexts. Keywords: Instittutional Theory, Isomorphism, Innovation, Clusters, Transformatio

The Results of Adjuvant and Salvage Radiotherapy Following Radical Prostatectomy

Objective:The aim of the study is to evaluate the contribution of postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy (ART) and salvage radiotherapy (SRT) to oncological outcomes and side effects related to treatment in prostate cancer patients with adverse prognostic factors.Method:Between January 2000 and January 2020, 105 patients who received the diagnosis of prostate cancer and underwent ART or SRT in our clinic after open or robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy were evaluated retrospectively and 93 patients whose follow-ups were still ongoing were included in the study. Fifty-two patients received ART and 41 patients received SRT. External beam radiotherapy (EBRT) was applied to prostate bed (PB) with a median EBRT of 70 Gy (66-72 Gy) and/or pelvic lymphatics with 50 Gy. Biochemical relapse-free survival (bRFS) and treatment-related acute and late gastrointestinal (GI) and genitourinary (GU) toxicities were evaluated. The Mann-Whitney U and chi-square tests were used for univariate analysis to analyze clinicopathological variables associated with biochemical relapse-free and overall survival and to evaluate side effects. Logistic regression model was used for multivariate analysis to investigate the risk factors associated with toxicities.Results:The median age of the patients included in the study was 64 (50-82) years. The median follow-up period of the entire patient population was 30 months (range, 3-234 months). Adjuvant RT was applied to 52 patients with adverse pathological features such as postoperative surgical margin positivity, extracapsular extension and seminal vesicle involvement, while SRT was applied to 41 patients with a prostate-specific antigen level ≥0.2 ng/mL detected during follow-up and considered to have biochemical relapse. bRFS rates at 3 years were detected as 100% in the ART and 97.4% in the SRT arm. Acute and late side effects were evaluated according to the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group/European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer system, and acute and late GI and GU side effects were found to be similar in patients who underwent ART or SRT. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis in which the factors predicting the development of acute toxicity were investigated, the risk of developing acute toxicity was found to be higher in patients with lymph node involvement (p=0.047) and those who underwent whole pelvic RT (WPRT) compared to those who received RT applied only to PB (p= 0.002). When the patients who received WPRT using volumetric arc therapy (VMAT) were compared with those who had radiotherapy delivered only to PB, grade ≥2 acute GI side effects were detected in 4.2% and 1.4% of the patients, respectively (p=0.002). On the other hand, grade ≥2 acute GU side effects were found in 12.5% and 5.7% of the patients, respectively. When WPRT vs only PB was compared, any statistically significant difference was not found in terms of late toxicity.Conclusion:Postoperative radiotherapy improves biochemical relapse-free survival in patients with adverse prognostic factors. Despite low incidence of side effects, postoperative pelvic radiotherapy results in significant increases in the acute gastrointestinal toxicity rates. Advanced treatment techniques such as VMAT should be considered in pelvic radiotherapy so as to reduce the incidence of these side effects. It should be noted that in order to improve the quality of life of the patients, timely administration of early SRT showed comparable cancer control rates while reducing potential overtreatment toxicity

Artificial Intelligence Model Chatgpt-4: Entrepreneur Candidate and Entrepreneurship Example [version 2; peer review: 2 approved]

Background Although artificial intelligence technologies are still in their infancy, it is seen that they can bring together both hope and anxiety for the future. In the research, it is focused on examining the ChatGPT-4 version, which is one of the most well-known artificial intelligence applications and claimed to have self-learning feature, within the scope of business establishment processes. Methods In this direction, the assessment questions in the Entrepreneurship Handbook, published as open access by the Small and Medium Enterprises Development Organization of Turkey, which focuses on guiding the entrepreneurial processes in Turkey and creating the perception of entrepreneurship, were combined with the artificial intelligence model ChatGPT-4 and analysed within three stages. The way of solving the questions of artificial intelligence modelling and the answers it provides have the opportunity to be compared with the entrepreneurship literature. Results It has been seen that the artificial intelligence modelling ChatGPT-4, being an outstanding entrepreneurship example itself, has succeeded in answering the questions posed in the context of 16 modules in the entrepreneurship handbook in an original way by analysing deeply. Conclusion It has also been concluded that it is quite creative in developing new alternatives to the correct answers specified in the entrepreneurship handbook. The original aspect of the research is that it is one of the pioneers of the study on artificial intelligence and entrepreneurship in literature

2018 Türkçe Dersi Öğretim Programının Değerlendirilmesi

Turkish education in schools is of great importance not only in terms of Turkish lessons, but also in terms of success in other lessons. Many reforms have been made to establish a better education system. One aspect of new educational reforms that has implications for educators is curriculum development studies that require teacher to adopt and implement the changes properly. The fact that the curricula are changing rapidly in Turkey obviously requires the ability to accommodate these changes effectively. However, to check whether the changes are implemented accordingly and what the failing parts are, both the curriculum and the in-classroom activities should be evaluated consistently. In this regard, the aim of this research is to evaluate the 2018 Turkish curriculum. The study has been conducted with mixed-method research design. Firstly, the researchers have analyzed the Turkish curriculum for 1st- 8th grades as a document. Then, teachers’ views regarding the 1st and 5th grade Turkish curricula that have been implemented were taken through online survey and face-to-face interviews. In addition, in-class observations were made to see how the official curriculum was reflected in practice. The findings obtained from the descriptive analysis of the data were categorized and integrated according to the components of the curriculum consisting of (1) learning outcomes, (2) content, (3) teaching-learning process, (4) measurement and evaluation, and the general characteristics and the use of the curriculum. Results have showed that there is an obvious conflict between the official and operational curriculum. Although the vast majority of teachers responded positively in a high rate to the online survey, their answers in focus group interviews have revealed that they don’t have sufficient knowledge about the innovations in the curriculum and tend not to benefit from the guidance of the curriculum in the teaching process. At the end of the study, some suggestions have been provided to satisfy the needs of both the curriculum and the teachers as curriculum implementers.Okullarda gerçekleştirilen Türkçe eğitimi yalnızca Türkçe dersleri için değil, diğer derslerdeki başarıyı da etkileyecek kadar büyük bir öneme sahiptir. Daha iyi bir eğitim sistemi oluşturmak içinse birçok reform yapılmaktadır. Eğitimciler için çıkarımları olan eğitim reformlarının bir yönü, öğretmenin değişiklikleri doğru bir şekilde benimsemesini ve uygulamasını gerektiren program geliştirme çalışmalarıdır. Türkiye’de eğitim programlarının hızla değişiyor olduğu gerçeği, açık bir şekilde bu değişiklikleri etkililikle uygulama becerisini gerektirmektedir. Ancak değişikliklerin gereğince uygulanıp uygulanmadığını ve aksayan kısımları belirlemek için program ve sınıf içi etkinlikler sık sık değerlendirilmelidir. Bu bağlamda araştırmanın amacı, 2018 yılında güncellenen Türkçe dersi öğretim programını değerlendirmektir. Bu çalışma karma yöntem araştırma deseniyle yürütülmüştür. Öncelikle 1-8. sınıflar düzeyinde hazırlanan Türkçe dersi öğretim programı araştırmacılar tarafından değerlendirilmiştir. Uygulanmaya başlanmış olan 1. ve 5. sınıf Türkçe dersi öğretim programlarına ilişkin öğretmenlerin görüşleri çevrimiçi anket ve yüz yüze görüşmeler yoluyla alınmıştır. Ayrıca resmi programın uygulamaya nasıl yansıdığını görmek için sınıf içi gözlemler yapılmıştır. Verilerin betimsel analizinden elde edilen bulgular; kazanımlar, içerik, öğretme-öğrenme süreci ile ölçme ve değerlendirmeden oluşan programın bileşenlerine ve programın genel özellikleri ile programdan yararlanılma durumuna göre sınıflandırılmış ve bütünleştirilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, resmi program ile uygulanan program arasında oldukça açık bir çatışma olduğu görülmüştür. Bulgular, öğretmenlerin çevrimiçi ankette büyük oranda olumlu görüş bildirmiş olmalarına karşın, odak grup görüşmelerindeki yanıtları öğretim programlarındaki yeniliklere ilişkin yeterli bilgiye sahip olmadıklarını ve öğretim sürecinde programların kılavuzluğundan yararlanmama eğiliminde olduklarını ortaya koymaktadır. Araştırma sonucunda hem öğretim programının hem de program uygulayıcıları olarak öğretmenlerin belirlenen gereksinimlerinin giderilmesi için bazı önerilerde bulunulmuştur

The influence of cooking methods and some marinades on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon formation in beef meat

This study aimed to determine the effect of various marinades and their concentrations, as well as various cooking procedures, on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) formation in cooked beef. The PAH levels in meat were determined, based on the saponification of lipids by methanolic/potassium hydroxide solution, followed by liquid–liquid extraction and QuEChERS method. Pan frying caused lower levels of BaP (1.39 versus 1.62 µg/kg) and PAH4 (5.58 versus 5.73 µg/kg) in beef meat than barbecuing. For sage and thyme extracts prepared at 0.5 to 2.0 °Brix, a significant decrease in the PAH levels of barbecued meat samples was achieved compared to the controls. The levels of PAHs in the samples containing the commercial marinating material were found to be higher than those in the non-marinated control. The BaP and PAH4 levels found in the meat samples marinated with sage and thyme extracts, were below the EU maximum levels. However, BaP was the highest for Control 2 (2.26 µg/kg), and exceeded the EU maximum limit of 2 mg/kg for BaP in heat-treated meat and meat products. The results show a reducing effect of sage and thyme extracts that are normally used during marinating of meat, on the formation of PAH compounds. Consequently, the extracts of sage and thyme, could be used in the commercial marinating material to reduce the level of PAH compounds formed in meat during cooking

Mirtazapine-Related manic / hypomanic shift: Mini review and case report

Mirtazapine-related manic / hypomanic shift: mini review and case report Mirtazapine is a pharmacological agent frequently used both as an antidepressant and as a hypnotic sedative agent. However, manic shift, an important side effect of other antidepressants, has not been adequately addressed in the treatment of mirtazapine, and the evidence has been only available from case reports. This mini-review and case report aimed to compile case reports on mirtazapine related manic shifts and to report a case where a manic shift was determined relatively early compared to that in these cases

Ternary Transition Metal Complexes with an Azo-Imine Ligand and 2,2’-Bipyridine: Characterization, Computational Calculations, and Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition Activities

New mononuclear ternary transition metal complexes: [M(HL)(bipy)2]ClO4, (M: Mn(II) for 1, Ni(II) for 2), [M(HL)(bipy) (ClO4)], (M: Ni(II) for 3, Cu(II) for 4, Zn(II) for 5) with M(II), 2-[(E)-(hydroxyimino)methyl]-4-[(E)-phenyldiazenyl]phenol, H2L, and 2,2ˈ-bipyridine were synthesized. The structures of the complexes were investigated by using various analytical, spectroscopic techniques such as elemental analysis, FTIR, UV-Vis, NMR, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, thermal analysis, and computational studies containing geometric optimizations and theoretical calculations of vibrations and electronic transitions. IR and thermal analysis data verifies the proposed structure of the complexes. The inhibition activities of the complexes against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) extracted from Ricania simulans adults and nymphs were examined and all the complexes were found to be active. Among the complexes studied, the most inhibition activity was exhibited by complex 5 with the lowest IC50 value (3.2±0.8) for AChE of adults, complex 3 with the lowest IC50 value (4.6±0.8) for AChE of nymphs

Evaluation of radioactive properties and microfaunal evidence in the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles straits and Golden Horn sediments

The aim of this study is to investigate radioactive pollutants from pollution loads transported from the Black Sea to the Aegean Sea by the Turkish Straits System and their effects on microfauna (benthic foraminifer and ostracod) assemblages. In the study, the effects of gross alpha and beta activity on the species number, species diversity, dominant species and species richness of benthic foraminiferal and ostracod assemblages were investigated in 16 bottom sediments taken from different depths in the Golden Horn, Bosphorus and Dardanelles straits. In the studied sediment samples examined 61 genera and 64 species of benthic foraminifera, 23 genera and 26 species of ostracoda were identified. In addition two migratory foraminifera species were observed as Spiroloculina antillarum of Atlantic-Pacific origin and Peneroplis pertusus of Indo-Pacific origin. A relationship between the abundance of microfauna and high gross alpha and beta values was found in the Dardanelles samples, but not in the Bosphorus and Golden Horn samples. In this  study, the highest radioactivity value was observed in the deepest bottom sediment samples. Consequently, the gross alpha and beta values were seen to be close to each other in the Dardanelles Strait and Golden Horn samples, and they had a broad-spectrum in the Bosphorus samples

Results of bronchoscopic excision in typical carcinoid tumors of the lung in Turkey

Aim Carcinoid tumors of the lung are the tumors originating from the neuroendocrine cells. Surgical excision remains the gold standard for the treatment. Treatment with interventional bronchoscopic excision has also been reported as an alternative option in typical carcinoid tumors of the lung. The aim of this study was to present results and outcomes in patients who were bronchoscopically treated and followed-up. Methods Data of 14 patients, who had undergone bronchoscopic excision due to typical carcinoid tumor of the lung between April 2008 and July 2015 were retrospectively evaluated. Bronchoscopic excision procedures were performed under general anesthesia, while control bronchoscopies were carried out with flexible bronchoscopy. Time between the first and last bronchoscopies was accepted as the follow-up duration. Results A total of 14 patients was evaluated with eight (57.1%) males. Mean age was 43.57±14.07 (23-68) years. The most common symptoms were shortness of breath and coughing. Mean of 5.69±3.35 (2-12) bronchoscopy procedures were performed in the patients during the diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Mean follow-up duration was 32.0±19.22 months. At the long-term follow-up, two patients developed 50% stenosis and one patient developed granulation tissue in the endobronchial treatment site. None of the patients developed recurrence during the mean 32-month follow-up. Conclusion Endobronchial treatment is a safe and successful treatment method in well selected typical carcinoid tumor cases that are centrally located, having no radiological suspicion of local or distant metastasis, distally visible but not located on the bronchi with a wide base on bronchoscopy