442 research outputs found
A. larger pie through a fair share? : gender equality and economic performance
methodology;feminism;economic development;gender equality;macroeconomics;measurement
Paradoxes around good governance
Good governance is not a new concept Ambrogio Lorenzetti made his frescoes on
good and bad governance already in the years 1338-1340
They can be viewed in the
Palazzo Publicco on one of the most beautiful squares of the world, the Piazza del
Campo in Siena, Italy
I assume many of you have been there
Good governance is
represented by a king on his throne surrounded by many virtues
Bad governance is
represented by the devil, and justice has been bound
The fresco depicting the conse
-
quences of good governance shows an orderly and happy life
People pay taxes, and
many people are engaged in productive and cultural activities
The city state of Siena
itself served as model for this condition of good governance, and Siena can be rec
-
ognized on the fresco
The frescoes on the consequences of bad governance are less
well remained
But the overwhelming image is one of death and destruction
Houses
are burning, nobody is working on the land
Lorenzettiâs frescoes were innovative in
his time, especially for painting a humanistic and not religious topic (Korsten, 2010
Gender and poverty reduction strategy processes in Latin America
In 1999, countries that wished to qualify for the Enhanced Initiative for the Heavily Indebted
Poor Countries (HIPC initiative) had to elaborate Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP)
and had to do so with participation of civil society. Since then, the elaboration and subsequent
implementation of PRSs (Poverty Reduction Strategies)have been seen as a tool for the
international donor community to guarantee that not only debt relief, but also aid in general
would be spent well. The aim of this paper is to investigate the extent to which gender has
been incorporated in these processes. It analyzes the contribution of the PRS process to
promoting gender equity in policies to reduce poverty and in strengthening the womenâs
movement
Revisiting UNDPâs GDI and GEM: Towards an alternative
There are two reasons why it is important to have a good measure of
gender equality in countries or regions. One is that it is important in
itself: countries or regions want to compare their achievements in this
area with those of other countries. The second is that such a measure
can be used to assess the relationship between gender equality and
economic development. In 1995, UNDP has developed two composite indices
of gender equality, the Gender-related Development Index (GDI) and the
Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM). The paper reviews and extends
conceptual and methodological critiques of not only the GDI, but also
the GEM â the latter has thus far largely been neglected in the
literature. The paper then goes on to develop an alternative composite
measure of gender equality that draws on the good aspects of GDI and
GEM, but attempts to avoid their methodological weaknesses
Rejoinder
I want to begin by thanking Göran Holmqvist and Karin Metell Cueva for financing (on
behalf of Sida) our independent research of the PRS processes in Latin America in the
first place, and now in particular for taking up the challenge to respond to my doubts
and criticisms of the PRS approach. They recognise that this approach has been too
optimistic and, in particular, that too many goals have been attached to one single
instrument. The proposal they put forward is interesting and worth discussing. I share
their concerns about the continuing poverty and inequality in Latin America and agree
that donors should focus their efforts on trying to reduce them. But I wonder whether
their proposed solution to the shortcomings of the PRS approach is really so different
from current practice
The new aid paradigm: A case of policy incoherence
Introduction
At the end of the 1990s there was widespread disappointment with aid and with what aid had achieved. Poverty was still rampant, and growth rates in many poor countries were still low,
especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. The lack of coherence with other policies of the rich countries, in particular trade, migration and security policies and the negative effects of the war on drugs are important factors in explaining the possible lower aid effectiveness. This paper, however, focuses on the lack of coherence within aid policies, and examines in particular the new aid paradigm that was adopted around the year 2000.
The disappointment about what aid had achieved led to several new initiatives at the turn of the millennium. There was broad consensus that aid levels should increase, and that aid should be more focused on poverty reduction. The international community adopted the Millennium Development Goals in order to focus development efforts on achieving concrete results. Several summits confirmed commitments to increase the level of aid, for example the 2002 Monterrey Conference and the 2005 Gleneagles G8 summit. In 1999, the initiative for the Heavily Indebted Poor countries (HIPC) was expanded, making larger amounts of debt
relief accessible to more countries
A. larger pie through a fair share? : gender equality and economic performance
Is gender equality of influence on economic development? Based on insights from feminist macroeconomics, the paper develops a framework that suggests that the gendered distribution of the pie does matter for its size. However, in order to assess the relationship, we need a good measure of gender equality that is not influenced by absolute levels of development. The often-used composite indices developed by UNDP, GDI and GEM, suffer from conceptual and methodological weaknesses which are analysed in this paper. The paper then goes on to develop an alternative composite measure of gender equality. Finally, some first attempts are made to examine the relationship with economic development
Towards a fresh start in measuring gender equality: A contribution to the debate
Both the Gender-related Development Index (GDI) and the
Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) represent a ââfalse startââ in
measuring gender equality. This is because they do not measure gender
(in)equality as such, but an odd combination of absolute welfare levels and
gender equality that is not easy to interpret. This note argues that the
United Nations Development Programmeâs Human Development Report
Office should take the lead in either constructing a new index for
measuring gender equality or elaborating a revised GDI and revised GEM
that do measure gender equality. Detailed recommendations are given for
both possibilities on how this can be done, partly on the basis of a brief
review of alternatives presented in the literature
Debt relief and Development: The case of the 2005 debt relief agreement with Nigeria
In 1999 Nigeria became a democracy again after a long period
of dictatorship. One of the top priorities for the newly elected
President Obasanjo was to clear the huge foreign debt that the
country had built up in previous decades. Most of this debt was
with bilateral official creditors, united in the so-called Paris Club.1
But debt relief to Nigeria was controversial. Although the country
has a low income, it has large oil reserves with which it should be
able to pay its debt. Furthermore, the country is notorious for its
corruption and for irresponsible economic policies
The New Aid Paradigm: A Case of Policy Incoherence
From around 2000 onwards, donors and recipient governments embarked upon a new aid paradigm. The most important elements include increased selectivity in the aid allocation, more ownership of recipient countries based on nationally elaborated Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs), and more don or alignment and harmonisation via program-based approaches such as budget support. The paper assesses the theoretical merits of this new paradigm, identifying some contradictions and limitations, and then examines its implementation over the past decade and its results. The empirical literature largely confirms the earlier identified weaknesses and limitations. The paper concludes with some suggestions for improving aid practices
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