Biofertilizante bovino e salinidade da água de irrigação no comportamento vegetativo e produtivo do maracujazeiro amarelo.

The accumulation of salts in the soil by irrigation water has caused negative effects on productive capacity and quality of the of crops, including the yellow passion fruit. In this context, the irrigated areas, especially in arid and semiarid regions, require management technologies that maintain the productive capacity of the crops with economic viability, minimizing the depressive effects of management in irrigated areas with water of high salt content. This work had the objective to evaluate the effects of irrigation water salinity (EC) associated to of frequencies application of bovine biofertilizer on the initial growth of seedlings, production, mineral nutrition and postharvest quality of yellow passion fruit and also am soil fertility and salinity. The treatments were distributed in 5 x 4 factorial design corresponding the five EC of irrigation water of 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5 and 4.5 dS m-1, in four frequencies of application of the biofertilizer: without bovine biofertilizer (SB); with application one week before transplanting (1SAT); application with intervals of 90 days after transplanting (90DAT); and, with application one week before transplanting and at intervals of 90 days (1SAT+90DAT). Plants irrigated with water of electrical conductivity less than 2.5 dS m-1 and application of biofertilizer 1SAT+90DAT showed less impairment of quality of soil, vegetative growth and increased production, as well as foliar concentrations of the crops of yellow passion fruit. The salt concentrations of irrigation water exceeds in 2.5 dS m-1 markedly reduced levels of chlorophyll, but also the absorption of water by plants, raising the percentage of soil moisture. The applications of biofertilizers did not influence the concentration of pigments photosynthetic of passion fruit, however, the highest frequencies of use (90DAT and 1SAT+90DAT) increased the percentage of soil moisture.O acúmulo de sais ao solo pela água de irrigação tem acarretado reflexos negativos na produção e na qualidade dos produtos das culturas agrícolas, inclusive do maracujazeiro amarelo. Neste contexto, as áreas irrigadas, principalmente as das regiões áridas e semiáridas, necessitam de tecnologias de manejo que mantenham a capacidade produtiva das culturas com viabilidade econômica, minimizando os efeitos depressivos da salinidade resultante no manejo das áreas irrigadas com água de alto teor salino. De esta forma o objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar os efeitos de diferentes condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação (CEai), associadas às épocas de aplicação de biofertilizante, sobre as características edáficas, fenométricas, nutricionais, fisiológicas e os componentes de produção do maracujazeiro amarelo. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em arranjo fatorial 5 x 4, referente aos valores de CEai: 0,5; 1,5; 2,5; 3,5 e 4,5 dS m-1, em quatro épocas de aplicação do biofertilizante: sem a aplicação do biofertilizante (SB); aplicação realizada uma semana antes do transplantio (1SAT); aplicação a cada 90 dias a partir do transplantio (90DAT); aplicação uma semana antes e a cada 90 dias após o transplantio (1SAT+90DAT). As plantas irrigadas com água de condutividade elétrica menor que 2,5 dS m-1 e com aplicação do biofertilizante realizada 1SAT+90DAT apresentaram menor comprometimento da qualidade química do substrato, maior crescimento vegetativo e produtivo, bem como, teores nutricionais adequando para a cultura do maracujazeiro amarelo. As concentrações salinas da água de irrigação superior a 2,5 dS m-1 diminuíram acentuadamente os teores de clorofila, como também, a absorção de água pelas plantas, elevando a percentagem de umidade do substrato. As aplicações de biofertilizante bovino não influenciaram as concentrações de pigmentos clorofiláticos do maracujazeiro, porém, as maiores frequências de aplicação (90DAT e 1SAT+90DAT) aumentaram a percentagem de umidade do substrato

Irrigation water salinity and silicon negatively interfere with the physiology and delay the flowering of ornamental sunflowers

Although silicon is considered a non-essential element for plants, its application can mitigate the harmful effects of salt stress. In this sense, the objective was to evaluate the physiological and flowering responses of ornamentalsunflower depending on the application of silicon and irrigation with saline water. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse in a completely randomized design with six replications, in a 4 x 5 factorial scheme, referring to four electrical conductivities of irrigation water (ECw): 0.5; 1.5; 2.5 and 3.5 dS m-1 and silicon doses: 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg L-1, with potassium silicate as the source. The following were evaluated: internal carbon concentration, transpiration, rate of liquid photosynthesis, instant efficiency of carboxylation, leaf indexes of chlorophyll a, b, chlorophyll a/b ratio, total chlorophyll, external and internal diameter of the chapter, number of petals, appearance of floral bud, beginning of flowering and full opening of the floral bud. Salinity negatively affects photosynthetic activity and flowering of ornamental sunflower plants, so that plants irrigated with saline water (3.5 dS m-1) delayed the appearance of the flower bud, the flowering index and the total opening of the floral button. The application of silicon in ornamental sunflower plants is not effective to mitigate the deleterious effects of salinity on the plant’s physiology. In addition, the addition of silicon is also not able to repair the losses in terms of flowering caused by salt stress in the species.Although silicon is considered a non-essential element for plants, its application can mitigate the harmful effects of salt stress. In this sense, the objective was to evaluate the physiological and flowering responses of ornamentalsunflower depending on the application of silicon and irrigation with saline water. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse in a completely randomized design with six replications, in a 4 x 5 factorial scheme, referring to four electrical conductivities of irrigation water (ECw): 0.5; 1.5; 2.5 and 3.5 dS m-1 and silicon doses: 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mg L-1, with potassium silicate as the source. The following were evaluated: internal carbon concentration, transpiration, rate of liquid photosynthesis, instant efficiency of carboxylation, leaf indexes of chlorophyll a, b, chlorophyll a/b ratio, total chlorophyll, external and internal diameter of the chapter, number of petals, appearance of floral bud, beginning of flowering and full opening of the floral bud. Salinity negatively affects photosynthetic activity and flowering of ornamental sunflower plants, so that plants irrigated with saline water (3.5 dS m-1) delayed the appearance of the flower bud, the flowering index and the total opening of the floral button. The application of silicon in ornamental sunflower plants is not effective to mitigate the deleterious effects of salinity on the plant’s physiology. In addition, the addition of silicon is also not able to repair the losses in terms of flowering caused by salt stress in the species

Características morfofisiológicas em plantas de Erythroxylum pauferrense Plowman sob estresse hídrico

Several abiotic factors, such as water availability, significantly affect the development of forest species found in the understory. This research aimed to evaluate morphophysiological characteristics in plants of Erythroxylum pauferrense submitted to different water regimes. The experiment was developed in a greenhouse at the Federal University of Paraíba, Campus II, Areia, Paraíba, Brazil. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with five water treatments [100%, 80%, 60%, 40% and 20% of the pot capacity (PC)] and four replications. Growth attributes, morphofunctional aspects, gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence and chlorophyll indices were evaluated. The data were submitted for analysis of variance, and in cases of significance, polynomial regression analyses were performed. The plants of Erythroxylum pauferrense submitted to 100% and 80% water levels of the PC present greater development and morphophysiological performance. In comparison, the evaluated parameters were significantly reduced in the regime of greater water stress (20% of the PC). Thus, the water regime of 80% of PC is the most recommended for producing seedlings of Erythroxylum pauferrense, promoting greater growth and significant changes in morphofunctional aspects, gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence and chlorophyll indexes.Vários fatores abióticos, como a disponibilidade de água, afetam significativamente o desenvolvimento das espécies florestais encontradas no sub-bosque. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar características morfofisiológicas em plantas de Erythroxylum pauferrense submetidas a diferentes regimes hídricos. O experimento foi desenvolvido em casa de vegetação na Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Campus II, Areia, Paraíba, Brasil. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos hídricos [100%, 80%, 60%, 40% e 20% da capacidade do vaso (PC)] e quatro repetições. Foram avaliados atributos de crescimento, aspectos morfofuncionais, trocas gasosas, fluorescência da clorofila e índices de clorofila. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e, nos casos de significância, análises de regressão polinomial. As plantas de Erythroxylum pauferrense submetidas a regimes hídricos de 100% e 80% da PC apresentam maior desenvolvimento e desempenho morfofisiológico. Em comparação, os parâmetros avaliados foram significativamente reduzidos no regime de maior estresse hídrico (20% da PC). Assim, o regime hídrico de 80% de PC é o mais recomendado para produção de mudas de Erythroxylum pauferrense, promovendo maior crescimento e alterações significativas nos aspectos morfofuncionais, trocas gasosas, fluorescência da clorofila e índices de clorofila

CRESCIMENTO DO MARACUJAZEIRO AMARELO SOB ESTRESSE SALINO E BIOFERTILIZAÇÃO EM AMBIENTE PROTEGIDO CONTRA PERDAS HÍDRICAS

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a influência do biofertilizante bovino e cobertura morta vegetal no crescimento vegetativo do maracujazeiro amarelo irrigado com água não salina e salina em ambiente protegido contra perdas hídricas. O experimento foi conduzido no período de outubro de 2008 a abril de 2009, no município de Remígio, Paraíba. O delineamento estatístico foi em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2x2x2, referente à água não salina (0,5 dS m-1) e salina (4,5 dS m-1), sem e com biofertilizante bovino, sem e com cobertura morta, com três repetições e três plantas por parcela. Avaliaram-se o período para poda do broto apical, taxa de crescimento absoluto em altura, comprimento de internódio, número de ramos produtivos e diâmetro do caule das plantas. O aumento do nível de salinidade da água, independentemente da adição do biofertilizante, inibiu o crescimento das plantas. O período do transplantio à poda do broto apical das plantas irrigadas com água salina e o uso do biofertilizante foi antecipado em 8,16 dias. O maior crescimento em altura do maracujazeiro amarelo ocorreu no solo com biofertilizante e cobertura morta

Physiological responses of beet plants irrigated with saline water and silicon application

Although not considered an essential element, silicon can be used to increase crop productivity, especially under stress conditions. In this sense, the objective was to evaluate the gas exchange of beet plants irrigated with saline water depending on the application of silicon. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, in a 5 x 5 factorial, referring to five levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water (ECw): (0.5; 1.3; 3.25; 5.2 and 6.0 dS m-1) and five doses of silicon (0.00; 2.64; 9.08; 15.52 and 18.16 mL L-1), with six beet plants as an experimental unit. The effect of treatments on beet culture was evaluated at 30 and 60 days after irrigation with saline water from measurements of internal carbon concentration, stomatal conductance, net photosynthesis rate, instantaneous water use efficiency and instantaneous carboxylation efficiency using the LCpro+Sistem infrared gas analyzer (IRGA). Irrigation with saline water reduced the gas exchange of beet plants at 60 days after irrigation, but at 30 days after irrigation, the use of saline water increased stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and internal carbon concentration. The application of silicon decreased stomatal conductance, internal carbon concentration and efficiency in the use of water, but increased the rate of net photosynthesis, the rate of transpiration and instantaneous efficiency of carboxylation at 30 and 60 days after irrigation.Although not considered an essential element, silicon can be used to increase crop productivity, especially under stress conditions. In this sense, the objective was to evaluate the gas exchange of beet plants irrigated with saline water depending on the application of silicon. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, in a 5 x 5 factorial, referring to five levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water (ECw): (0.5; 1.3; 3.25; 5.2 and 6.0 dS m-1) and five doses of silicon (0.00; 2.64; 9.08; 15.52 and 18.16 mL L-1), with six beet plants as an experimental unit. The effect of treatments on beet culture was evaluated at 30 and 60 days after irrigation with saline water from measurements of internal carbon concentration, stomatal conductance, net photosynthesis rate, instantaneous water use efficiency and instantaneous carboxylation efficiency using the LCpro+Sistem infrared gas analyzer (IRGA). Irrigation with saline water reduced the gas exchange of beet plants at 60 days after irrigation, but at 30 days after irrigation, the use of saline water increased stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and internal carbon concentration. The application of silicon decreased stomatal conductance, internal carbon concentration and efficiency in the use of water, but increased the rate of net photosynthesis, the rate of transpiration and instantaneous efficiency of carboxylation at 30 and 60 days after irrigation

Growth and dry matter of pitombeira seedlings under salinity levels and application of biofertilizer

Pitombeira is a native fruit tree from Amazon and is exploited in an extractive way. Currently, there is no commercial cultivation of this crop since there are no technologies for cultivation, propagation methods, fertilization and irrigation. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate growth and dry matter of pitombeira seedlings (Talisia esculenta (A. St.-Hill.) Radlk.) under salinity levels with or without bovine biofertilizer. The experiment was performed in a nursery at the State University of Paraíba (UEPB), Campus IV, in Catolé do Rocha, Paraíba, from September to December 2015. It was adopted a completely randomized design (CRD) with 10 treatments and 4 repetitions, in factorial arrangement 5 x 2, corresponding to 5 salinity levels: (0,8; 2; 4; 6 e 8 dS m-1) with or without bovine biofertilization. Plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, total leaf area, Dickson quality index, dry mass of root, stem, leaf and the whole plant were analyzed. The increase in salinity provides a decrease in growth and dry matter of pitombeira seedlings. The use of biofertilizers mitigates the harmful effects of salinity on pitombeira seedlings.Pitombeira is a native fruit tree from Amazon and is exploited in an extractive way. Currently, there is no commercial cultivation of this crop since there are no technologies for cultivation, propagation methods, fertilization and irrigation. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate growth and dry matter of pitombeira seedlings (Talisia esculenta (A. St.-Hill.) Radlk.) under salinity levels with or without bovine biofertilizer. The experiment was performed in a nursery at the State University of Paraíba (UEPB), Campus IV, in Catolé do Rocha, Paraíba, from September to December 2015. It was adopted a completely randomized design (CRD) with 10 treatments and 4 repetitions, in factorial arrangement 5 x 2, corresponding to 5 salinity levels: (0,8; 2; 4; 6 e 8 dS m-1) with or without bovine biofertilization. Plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf area, total leaf area, Dickson quality index, dry mass of root, stem, leaf and the whole plant were analyzed. The increase in salinity provides a decrease in growth and dry matter of pitombeira seedlings. The use of biofertilizers mitigates the harmful effects of salinity on pitombeira seedlings

Plant development, gas exchanges and pigments of Mesosphaerum suaveolens submitted to osmoconditioning and saline stress

Salinity is one of the main plant abiotic stresses affecting the establishment and development of crops. It is thus a matter of prime importance to search for technologies that minimize the damage caused by salinity. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the effect of salinity stress and osmotic conditioning of seeds on the biomass, gas exchanges and chlorophyll pigments in Mesosphaerum suaveolens (L.) Kuntze. The statistical design adopted was a randomized block design, combined according to the central composite design, referring to electrical conductivities of irrigation water and osmotic potentials, with minimum (- α) and maximum (α) values of 0.5 and 10.0 dS m-1 and 0.0 and -1.0 MPa, respectively, totaling nine combinations. The characteristics of dry biomass, gas exchange and chlorophyll indices were evaluated at 45 days after the beginning of irrigation with saline water. The salinity of irrigation water severely affected the dry biomass and the gas exchanges of M. suaveolens. Irrigation water of electrical conductivity above 3.2 dS m-1 caused reductions in chlorophyll a, b and total contents in M. suaveolens plants. Seed osmoconditioning did not attenuate the negative effects of saline stress on M. suaveolens plants

NITROGEN IMPROVES BIOMASS PRODUCTION AND CHLOROPHYLL SYNTHESIS IN BASIL PLANTS GROWN UNDER SALT STRESS

Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), a medicinal and aromatic plant extensively cultivated in the Northeast region of Brazil, encounters growth challenges attributed to the salinity of irrigation water and soil. Nitrogen (N) is a crucial macronutrient employed to mitigate salt stress in plants. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the production of phytomass and chlorophyll synthesis in purple basil plants grown under salinity stress and nitrogen fertilization. The experiment was conducted in 2021 under protected environmental conditions at the Center for Agricultural Sciences, Universidade Federal Paraíba, Areia-PB, Brazil. Five levels of salt stress (0.0, 0.80, 2.75, 4.70, and 5.50 dS m-1) and five doses of N (0.00, 58.58, 200.00, 341.42, and 400.00 mg L-1) applied via foliar were studied. The results revealed that foliar fertilization with N increases plant tolerance to salt stress, promoting root fresh and dry mass accumulation at 294.96 and 205.36 mg L-1 and under ECw of 1.14 and 0.5 dS m-1, respectively. Applying 217.39 and 231.30 mg L-1 of N improves the production of stem dry biomass and the shoot/root ratio of basil plants subjected to salinity of 0.5 dS m-1. The electrical conductivity of irrigation water above 0.8 dS m-1 adversely affects biomass production. The salinity at 3.8 to 4.0 dS m-1 stimulated chlorophyll synthesis in purple basil plants. However, the foliar application of N proves to be a strategic approach to counteract these effects, resulting in increased total dry mass production and chlorophyll contents.O manjericão (Ocimum basilicum L.), planta medicinal e aromática amplamente cultivada na região Nordeste do Brasil, encontra desafios de crescimento atribuídos à salinidade da água de irrigação e do solo. O nitrogênio (N) é um macronutriente crucial empregado para mitigar o estresse salino nas plantas. Portanto, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a produção de fitomassa e síntese de clorofila em plantas de manjericão roxo cultivadas sob estresse salino e adubação nitrogenada. O experimento foi realizado no ano de 2021 em condições de ambiente protegido no Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia-PB, Brasil. Foram estudados cinco níveis de estresse salino (0,0; 0,80; 2,75; 4,70 e 5,50 dS m-1) e cinco doses foliares de N (0,00; 58,58; 200,00; 341,42 e 400,00 mg L-1). Os resultados revelaram que a fertilização foliar com N aumenta a tolerância da planta ao estresse salino, promovendo o acúmulo de massa fresca e seca da raiz, nas doses de 294.96 e 205,36 mg L-1 e sob CEa de 1,14 e 0,5 dS m-1, respectivamente. A aplicação de 217.39 e 231.30 mg L-1 de N melhora a produção de biomassa seca do caule e na relação entre a biomassa da parte aérea/raiz das plantas de manjericão submetidas a salinidade de 0,5 dS m-1. A condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação acima de 0,8 dS m-1 afeta negativamente a produção de biomassa. A salinidade de 3,8 até 4,0 dS m-1 estimulou a síntese de clorofila das plantas de manjericão roxo. Contudo, a aplicação foliar de N revela-se uma abordagem estratégica para contrariar estes efeitos, resultando no aumento da produção de massa seca total e dos teores de clorofila

Basil (Ocimum basilicum) growth under saline stress and salicylic acid

443-449Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is an aromatic and spice plant used around the world in cooking, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and flavoring industries. Salicylic acid has been used to mitigate the deleterious effects of salinity on plants. This work aimed to evaluate the growth of basil under saline stress and salicylic acid. A randomized block design was used. Five electrical conductivities of irrigation water (ECw - 0.5, 1.3; 3.25; 5.2 and 6.0 dS m-1) and five salicylic acid doses (SA - 0.0, 0.29, 1.0, 1.71 and 2.0 mM) was used. Plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, leaf area, specific leaf area, relative growth rate, leaf area ratio, leaf mass ratio, relative leaf growth rate and chlorophyll a, b and total indices were evaluated at 32, 39, 46, 53 and 60 days after irrigation with saline water (DAI). The increase in the electrical conductivity of irrigation water (ECw) negatively affected growth and increased the basil chlorophyll index. The application of salicylic acid attenuated the negative effects of salt stress on the number of leaves and leaf area and had negative effects on the stem diameter, but did not affect the other growth variables and chlorophyll indices

NITROGEN IMPROVES BIOMASS PRODUCTION AND CHLOROPHYLL SYNTHESIS IN BASIL PLANTS GROWN UNDER SALT STRESS

Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.), a medicinal and aromatic plant extensively cultivated in the Northeast region of Brazil, encounters growth challenges attributed to the salinity of irrigation water and soil. Nitrogen (N) is a crucial macronutrient employed to mitigate salt stress in plants. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the production of phytomass and chlorophyll synthesis in purple basil plants grown under salinity stress and nitrogen fertilization. The experiment was conducted in 2021 under protected environmental conditions at the Center for Agricultural Sciences, Universidade Federal Paraíba, Areia-PB, Brazil. Five levels of salt stress (0.0, 0.80, 2.75, 4.70, and 5.50 dS m-1) and five doses of N (0.00, 58.58, 200.00, 341.42, and 400.00 mg L-1) applied via foliar were studied. The results revealed that foliar fertilization with N increases plant tolerance to salt stress, promoting root fresh and dry mass accumulation at 294.96 and 205.36 mg L-1 and under ECw of 1.14 and 0.5 dS m-1, respectively. Applying 217.39 and 231.30 mg L-1 of N improves the production of stem dry biomass and the shoot/root ratio of basil plants subjected to salinity of 0.5 dS m-1. The electrical conductivity of irrigation water above 0.8 dS m-1 adversely affects biomass production. The salinity at 3.8 to 4.0 dS m-1 stimulated chlorophyll synthesis in purple basil plants. However, the foliar application of N proves to be a strategic approach to counteract these effects, resulting in increased total dry mass production and chlorophyll contents