Evaluation of Antibacterial Efficacy of Vitex negundo Linn. extract as Root Canal Irrigant against Enterococcus faecalis and its penetration into Root Dentin: An in-vitro study

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of Vitex negundo Linn. extract as root canal irrigant against Enterococcus faecalis and its penetration into root dentin. Methods and Materials: Forty single rooted premolars were randomly divided into 4 groups: 3% Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 2% Chlorhexidine (CHX) , 100mg/ml Vitex negundo Linn. and saline as control all mixed with Rhodamine B dye. Test samples were analysed for bacterial count before and after irrigation using absorbent paper points and the colony forming units were recorded and measured. Sectioning of the samples was performed at three levels 3mm,6mm,9mm from apex and then these samples were analysed using confocal laser scanning microscopy for penetration depth of the irrigant within the dentinal tubules. Paired t-test and ANOVA test were used to perform statistical analysis with level of significance set at 0.05 Results: The mean CFU/ml count of Enterococcus facealis reduced significantly in all the groups post irrigation. All the irrigants showed maximum penetration depth at coronal third level compared to middle and apical third level respectively. The penetration depth of NaOCl group was better when compared to CHX group and Vitex negundo Linn. group but the difference was statistically not significant. Conclusion: Although 3% NaOCl was the most effective irrigant, all agents exerted acceptable antimicrobial activity against Enterococcus faecalis and penetration depth within tubules of dentin

IMPACT OF SODIUM FLUORIDE AND NANO SILVER FLUORIDE-BASED VARNISHES ON REMINERALISATION OF ENAMEL CARIES: AN IN-VITRO STUDY

THE FIGURES DEPICT THE SURFACE CHANGES THAT OCCUR ON THE ENAMEL AFTER REMINERALISATION WITH SODIUM FLUORIDE VARNISH, NEUTRAL NANO SILVER FLUORIDE AND ACIDULATED NANO SILVER FLUORIDE. THE DEPOSITION OF MATERIALS ACCORDING TO THE GROUPS CAN BE APPRECIATED IN THE FIGURES. IN THE SODIUM FLUORIDE GROUP, DEPOSITION OF FINE GRANULAR MINERAL PRECIPITATE IS SEEN WITH PRESENCE OF CRACKS IN CERTAIN AREAS. THE NEUTRAL NANO SILVER FLUORIDE GROUP SHOWS IRREGULAR POLYHEDRAL DEPOSITS WITH A FINE LAYER OF PRECIPITATED MINERALS. THE ACIDULATED NANO SILVER FLUORIDE GROUP DEPICTS POLYHEDRAL DEPOSITS ALL OVER THE ENAMEL SURFACE IN A RELATIVELY EVEN FASHION.</p

IMPACT OF SODIUM FLUORIDE AND NANO SILVER FLUORIDE-BASED VARNISHES ON REMINERALISATION OF ENAMEL CARIES: AN IN-VITRO STUDY

The provided data depicts the images obtained by Scanning electron microscope under 50x, 500x and 1000x magnification. The changes that occured on the enamel surface can be appreciated in the images. In sodium fluoride group very little deposits of minerals can be seen. However, cracks still persist. The neutral nano silver fluoride group shows polyhyderal deposits on minerals scattered all over the surface. In the acidulated nano silver fluoride group, the deposition of polyhyderal minerals has occured in abundance. The data regarding  Energy dispersive X-ray spectrophotometry  (EDS/EDX) is also presented. It provides a tabulated analysis of the elements on the examined surface. Here, the amount of calcium, phosphorus, silver and fluoride on the surface of thh enamel was analised after application of the test material.</p