A Influência da Educação no conhecimento sobre Microbiota Intestinal e sua Repercussão na Saúde Humana Revisão Narrativa da Literatura

The intestinal microbiota, consisting of a diversity of microorganisms residing in the human gastrointestinal tract, plays a vital role in maintaining host health. These microorganisms perform crucial functions, including nutrient absorption, immune regulation, protection against pathogens, and preservation of the integrity of the intestinal barrier. Additionally, they influence the development and function of the brain and nervous system. The composition of the microbiota is influenced by various factors such as genetics, diet, stress levels, lifestyle, and the use of medications, particularly antibiotics. Understanding these factors is essential for maintaining a healthy microbiota. Research indicates that imbalances in this microbial community are associated with adverse health conditions, including obesity, diabetes, and inflammatory bowel disease. Consequently, the importance of education for society is emphasized, aiming to raise awareness about the adoption of healthy lifestyle habits. Reducing unnecessary antibiotic use and incorporating prebiotic and probiotic foods into the diet are crucial measures to promote a balanced intestinal microbiota and, consequently, contribute to the prevention of diseases related to microbial imbalances.La microbiota intestinal, compuesta por una diversidad de microorganismos que residen en el tracto gastrointestinal humano, desempeña un papel vital en el mantenimiento de la salud del huésped. Estos microorganismos cumplen funciones cruciales, incluyendo la absorción de nutrientes, la regulación inmunológica, la protección contra patógenos y la preservación de la integridad de la barrera intestinal. Además, ejercen influencia sobre el desarrollo y la función del cerebro y el sistema nervioso. La composición de la microbiota es influenciada por una variedad de factores, tales como la genética, la dieta, los niveles de estrés, el estilo de vida y el uso de medicamentos, especialmente antibióticos. Comprender estos factores es fundamental para el mantenimiento de una microbiota saludable. Las investigaciones indican que los desequilibrios en esta comunidad microbiana están asociados con condiciones de salud adversas, incluyendo la obesidad, la diabetes y la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal. En consecuencia, se destaca la importancia de la educación para la sociedad, con el fin de crear conciencia sobre la adopción de hábitos de vida saludables. Reducir el uso innecesario de antibióticos e incorporar alimentos prebióticos y probióticos en la dieta son medidas cruciales para promover una microbiota intestinal equilibrada y, por lo tanto, contribuir a la prevención de enfermedades relacionadas con desequilibrios microbiológicos.      A microbiota intestinal, composta por uma diversidade de microrganismos que residem no trato gastrointestinal humano, desempenha um papel vital na manutenção da saúde do hospedeiro. Estes microrganismos desempenham funções cruciais, incluindo a absorção de nutrientes, regulação imunológica, proteção contra patógenos e preservação da integridade da barreira intestinal. Além disso, exercem influência sobre o desenvolvimento e a função do cérebro e do sistema nervoso. A composição da microbiota é influenciada por uma variedade de fatores, tais como genética, dieta, níveis de estresse, estilo de vida e o uso de medicamentos, notadamente antibióticos. Compreender esses fatores é fundamental para a manutenção de uma microbiota saudável. Pesquisas indicam que desequilíbrios nessa comunidade microbiana estão associados a condições de saúde adversas, incluindo obesidade, diabetes e doença inflamatória intestinal. Consequentemente, destaca-se a importância da educação para a sociedade, visando a conscientização sobre a adoção de hábitos de vida saudáveis. Reduzir o uso desnecessário de antibióticos e incorporar alimentos prebióticos e probióticos na dieta são medidas cruciais para promover uma microbiota intestinal equilibrada e, por conseguinte, contribuir para a prevenção de doenças relacionadas a desequilíbrios microbiológicos

Os Açores e os impérios : séculos XV a XX

[...]. Os Açores não constituem simplesmente um elo da correspondência transatlântica. Aliás, possuem uma identidade bem complexa. Com efeito, se a História evidencia muito a mundividência, apresentando as ilhas como o centro do Mundo, já a literatura ressalta muito o isolamento, resultante do afastamento dos continentes e da descontinuidade territorial, apresentando as ilhas como o fim do Mundo. Curiosamente, a política e os políticos, talvez com maior sentido do pragmatismo e da oportunidade, agem em função das circunstâncias. De facto, proclamam a projecção da universalidade, quando reivindicam mais capacidade de auto-governo, mas insistem na pobreza da ultraperifericidade, quando exigem mais contrapartidas financeiras. Apesar da divergência das perspectivas, atentemos mais na universalidade dos Açores, que historicamente influi na definição das dinâmicas do Atlântico, conferindo maior projecção à Europa

Exploring phenotypic plasticity leaf trait relationships in fungal-resistant grapevines using linear regression: Implications of the genotype environment interaction

Accurate and non-destructive models for predicting leaf area (LA) are essential for monitoring vineyard growth and developing automated algorithms. In this study, we developed and compared the performance of eight linear regression models for predicting LA in eleven fungal-resistant grapevine genotypes. We also explored the phenotypic plasticity of leaf traits and their relationship with LA using kernel density estimation analysis. We found that genotype played a major role in defining leaf shape, and genotype-environment interaction was observed. The best models for LA estimation were identified for each genotype, and a leaf deformation index was proposed. Our results provide accurate and robust models for estimating LA in fungal-resistant grapevine genotypes and demonstrate the relationship between leaf traits and the environment. Additionally, we present a method for defining leaf asymmetry. Overall, this study contributes to the development of non-destructive and automated techniques for monitoring vineyard growth

ASSISTÊNCIA DE ENFERMAGEM NA ATENÇÃO PRIMÁRIA À SAÚDE DE ADOLESCENTES COM IDEAÇÕES SUICIDAS

RESUMO Objetivo: compreender como se dá a assistência à saúde prestada pelos enfermeiros na atenção primária aos adolescentes com ideações suicidas. Método: pesquisa com abordagem qualitativa, realizada em oito unidades básicas de saúde (UBS), de um município de médio porte do Nordeste brasileiro. A coleta de dados deu-se por meio de entrevistas seguindo um roteiro norteador com oito enfermeiros do setor. O material foi analisado de acordo com a técnica de análise de conteúdo de Bardin. Resultados: diante disso, três categorias foram evidenciadas - assistência de Enfermagem à atenção integral aos adolescentes; conhecimento dos profissionais sobre suicídio; concepções, identificação e prevenção e desafios na assistência do adolescente com ideações suicidas. Destaca-se, ainda, a falta de planejamento e de ações para a demanda de saúde mental dos adolescentes, focando em ações biologicistas, como: sexualidade, gravidez na adolescência e infecções sexualmente transmissíveis para adolescentes mulheres. Os enfermeiros têm dificuldades em compreender, identificar e prevenir os sinais de ideações suicidas, pautando sua prática em experiências empíricas. Conclusões: dessa forma, torna-se necessário que o enfermeiro da atenção primária conheça o território e o perfil de saúde dos adolescentes. Somado a isso, a educação permanente deve permitir a construção de novos saberes necessários para abordar o tema na prática do enfermeiro, bem como dos demais profissionais que atuam na atenção primária. Sugere-se que a área da saúde mental seja fortalecida na formação do enfermeiro, visto que o suicídio em jovens vem aumentando e requer, portanto, assistência integral da Enfermagem aos adolescentes

Effectiveness of DNA-recombinant anti-hepatitis B vaccines in blood donors: a cohort study

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Although various studies have demonstrated efficacy of DNA-recombinant anti-hepatitis B vaccines, their effectiveness in health care settings has not been researched adequately. This gap is particularly visible for blood donors, a group of significant importance in the reduction of transfusion-transmitted hepatitis B.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>This is a double cohort study of 1411 repeat blood donors during the period 1998–2002, involving a vaccinated and an unvaccinated cohort, with matching of the two in terms of sex, age and residence. Average follow-up was 3.17 person-years. The outcome measure was infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV), defined by testing positive on serologic markers HBsAg or anti-HBC. All blood donors were from the blood bank in Joaçaba, federal state of Santa Catarina, Brazil.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The cohorts did not differ significantly regarding sex, age and marital status but the vaccinated cohort had higher mean number of blood donations and higher proportion of those residing in the county capital Joaçaba. Hepatitis B incidences per 1000 person-years were zero among vaccinated and 2,33 among non-vaccinated, resulting in 100% vaccine effectiveness with 95% confidence interval from 30,1% to 100%. The number of vaccinated persons necessary to avoid one HBV infection in blood donors was estimated at 429 with 95% confidence interval from 217 to 21422.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The results showed very high effectiveness of DNA-recombinant anti-HBV vaccines in blood donors. Its considerable variation in this study is likely due to the limited follow-up and the influence of confounding factors normally balanced out in efficacy clinical trials.</p

Evaluation of Arylimidamides DB1955 and DB1960 as Candidates against Visceral Leishmaniasis and Chagas' Disease: In Vivo Efficacy, Acute Toxicity, Pharmacokinetics, and Toxicology Studies

Arylimidamides (AIAs) have shown outstanding in vitro potency against intracellular kinetoplastid parasites, and the AIA 2,5-bis[2-(2-propoxy)-4-(2-pyridylimino)aminophenyl]furan dihydrochloride (DB766) displayed good in vivo efficacy in rodent models of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and Chagas' disease. In an attempt to further increase the solubility and in vivo antikinetoplastid potential of DB766, the mesylate salt of this compound and that of the closely related AIA 2,5-bis[2-(2-cyclopentyloxy)-4-(2-pyridylimino)aminophenyl]furan hydrochloride (DB1852) were prepared. These two mesylate salts, designated DB1960 and DB1955, respectively, exhibited dose-dependent activity in the murine model of VL, with DB1960 inhibiting liver parasitemia by 51% at an oral dose of 100 mg/kg/day × 5 and DB1955 reducing liver parasitemia by 57% when given by the same dosing regimen. In a murine Trypanosoma cruzi infection model, DB1960 decreased the peak parasitemia levels that occurred at 8 days postinfection by 46% when given orally at 100 mg/kg/day × 5, while DB1955 had no effect on peak parasitemia levels when administered by the same dosing regimen. Distribution studies revealed that these compounds accumulated to micromolar levels in the liver, spleen, and kidneys but to a lesser extent in the heart, brain, and plasma. A 5-day repeat-dose toxicology study with DB1960 and DB1955 was also conducted with female BALB/c mice, with the compounds administered orally at 100, 200, and 500 mg/kg/day. In the high-dose groups, DB1960 caused changes in serum chemistry, with statistically significant increases in serum blood urea nitrogen, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase levels, and a 21% decrease in body weight was observed in this group. These changes were consistent with microscopic findings in the livers and kidneys of the treated animals. The incidences of observed clinical signs (hunched posture, tachypnea, tremors, and ruffled fur) were more frequent in DB1960-treated groups than in those treated with DB1955. However, histopathological examination of tissue samples indicated that both compounds had adverse effects at all dose levels.This work was supported by a grant from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, contract N01-AI-60011 with SRI International from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, FIOCRUZ, and by Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) PPSUS, APQ1, and Pensa-Rio (16/2009-E-26/110-313/2010), Conselho Nacional Desenvolvimento científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), PDTIS/FIOCRUZ, and PROEP. We thank the other members of the Consortium for Parasitic Drug Development for helpful discussions

The magnitude of syphilis: from prevalence to vertical transmission

ABSTRACT Introduction: In 2013, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported that 1.9 million pregnant women were infected with syphilis worldwide, of which 66.5% had adverse fetal effects in cases of untreated syphilis. Congenital syphilis contributes significantly to infant mortality, accounting for 305,000 perinatal deaths worldwide annually. Aim: To estimate the prevalence of syphilis in parturients, the incidence of congenital syphilis and the vertical transmission rate. Material and methods: a cross-sectional study with data collected from 2041 parturients who had undergone treatment between 2012 and 2014 in the maternity section of the Pedro Ernesto Hospital of the State University of Rio de Janeiro, in the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro. The inclusion criterion was positive VDRL and treponemal test in a hospital environment. Results: the prevalence of syphilis in pregnant women was 4.1% in 2012, 3.1% in 2013 and 5% in 2014, with official reporting of 15.6%, 25.0% and 48.1%, respectively. The incidence of congenital syphilis (CS) was 22/1,000 in live births (LB) in 2012; 17/1,000 LB in 2013 and 44.8/1,000 LB in 2014. CS underreporting during the period was 6.7%. Vertical transmission occurred in 65.8% of infants from infected mothers. It was concluded that, in 34.6% of the CS cases, maternal VDRL titers were = 1/4. Conclusion: Results demonstrate the magnitude of the disease, fragility of the reporting system in the assessment of the actual prevalence, impact on perinatal outcomes, and they are a warning about the real situation of syphilis, which is still underestimated in the State

CARACTERÍSTICAS DE UMA FAVELA DA REGIÃO DA GRANDE SÃO PAULO

Os autores descrevem os resultados de um levantamento de condições sócio-sanitárias jeito em uma favela da Região da Grande São Paulo, área industrializada do sudeste brasileiro.The authors describe results of a survey on social-economical conditions of a slum area of Greater São Paulo, wich is an industrial region of south-eastern Brazil