9 research outputs found

    Non-Western Peacekeeping as a Factor of a Multipolar World: Outlines of Research Program

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    This paper describes the contours of a research program on peacekeeping and peacebuilding, representing the interests of Non-Western countries (the world’s majority). The article is based on both individual developments of its expert authors in the theory and practice of peacekeeping, international law and development cooperation, as well as on generalized conclusions of eight international workshops on Non-Western peacekeeping, held by the Department of Theory and History of International Relations of the RUDN University in 2020-2021 with the participation of leading Russian and international experts. Particular attention is paid to the current moment in international peacekeeping associated with the β€œpower transit” (from the United States to China, and more broadly, from the West to the Non-West) and the power vacuum observed in a number of regions. Conclusions are drawn about the crisis of humanitarian intervention and the system of liberal peacekeeping in general. At the same time, the remaining instruments of Western structural power in the field of peacekeeping are examined in detail, covering both personnel representation in the UN and the practice of β€˜penholding,’ as well as the discursive hegemony of the β€œCollective West.” The main directions in the development of Non-Western academic discourse in the field of peacemaking and peacebuilding are explored in the context of building a multipolar world. Special attention is paid to the problems of regional human rights systems in the context of the protection of civilians and post-conflict peacebuilding. The study concludes that Non-Western countries have a significant influence on the formation of international norms in the field of peacekeeping (rule-changers), but so far do not act as norm-setting actors in world politics (rule-makers)

    Mathematical Modelling of Cell-Fate Decision in Response to Death Receptor Engagement

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    Cytokines such as TNF and FASL can trigger death or survival depending on cell lines and cellular conditions. The mechanistic details of how a cell chooses among these cell fates are still unclear. The understanding of these processes is important since they are altered in many diseases, including cancer and AIDS. Using a discrete modelling formalism, we present a mathematical model of cell fate decision recapitulating and integrating the most consistent facts extracted from the literature. This model provides a generic high-level view of the interplays between NFΞΊB pro-survival pathway, RIP1-dependent necrosis, and the apoptosis pathway in response to death receptor-mediated signals. Wild type simulations demonstrate robust segregation of cellular responses to receptor engagement. Model simulations recapitulate documented phenotypes of protein knockdowns and enable the prediction of the effects of novel knockdowns. In silico experiments simulate the outcomes following ligand removal at different stages, and suggest experimental approaches to further validate and specialise the model for particular cell types. We also propose a reduced conceptual model implementing the logic of the decision process. This analysis gives specific predictions regarding cross-talks between the three pathways, as well as the transient role of RIP1 protein in necrosis, and confirms the phenotypes of novel perturbations. Our wild type and mutant simulations provide novel insights to restore apoptosis in defective cells. The model analysis expands our understanding of how cell fate decision is made. Moreover, our current model can be used to assess contradictory or controversial data from the literature. Ultimately, it constitutes a valuable reasoning tool to delineate novel experiments

    ЦСнностный сувСрСнитСт Π² эпоху Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π²Π΅Ρ€Π³Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ°

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    Sovereignty in the digital space is a relatively new phenomenon, which is discussed in this paper. It is complex in nature and depends both on the technological base which is used (primarily network equipment, including 5G, etc.), software products and platforms, and on the promoted content. The countries are faced with the difficult task of regulating the activities of global media holdings in order to maintain value-based sovereignty. The author gives a political and economic analysis of value sovereignty, showing the importance of the state as a regulator that allows to eliminate negative informational externalities. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the international media landscape and the formation of multipolarity in the network space, including the growing phenomenon of technological convergence in the media industry, as well as the positions of individual countries and regions in the global media industry. The corporate structures of the world’s largest media holdings are studied and the increasing degree of diversification of their assets is revealed. The generational differentiation of socialization mechanisms in the post-pandemic era, including the proportion of time devoted to social platforms, traditional media (the case of television), as well as the main ways of accessing the Internet and the penetration of new technologies. The most promising for socialization and fast-growing segments are shown, including Internet TV, virtual reality technologies, video games and cyber-sports. In the final part of the paper the author discusses the main problems and challenges of regulating the national media space in order to ensure value sovereignty in the era of global convergent media.Π‘ΡƒΠ²Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ‚ Π² Ρ†ΠΈΡ„Ρ€ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΌ пространствС - это ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΠΉ, ΡΡ€Π°Π²Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ Ρ„Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΉ рассматриваСтся Π² Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅. Он носит комплСксный Ρ…Π°Ρ€Π°ΠΊΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ ΠΈ зависит ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΡƒΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ тСхнологичСской Π±Π°Π·Ρ‹ (ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅ всСго, сСтСвого оборудования, Π² Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ числС 5G ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€.), ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΏΠ»Π°Ρ‚Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌ, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠ³Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π°. ΠŸΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π΄ странами встаСт нСпростая Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ‡Π° рСгулирования Π΄Π΅ΡΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ°-Ρ…ΠΎΠ»Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΠ² для сохранСния цСнностного сувСрСнитСта. Автор ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ‚ политэкономичСский Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· цСнностного сувСрСнитСта, показывая Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ государства ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ рСгулятора, ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡŽΡ‰Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡƒΡΡ‚Ρ€Π°Π½ΡΡ‚ΡŒ Π½Π΅Π³Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΈΠ½Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ экстСрналии. ОсобоС Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ удСляСтся Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Ρƒ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡƒΠ½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΠ·Π°ΠΆΠ° ΠΈ Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡŽ многополярности Π² сСтСвом пространствС, Π² Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ числС ΡƒΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΌΡƒΡΡ Ρ„Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρƒ тСхнологичСской ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π²Π΅Ρ€Π³Π΅Π½Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ Π² мСдиаиндустрии, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ позициям ΠΎΡ‚Π΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… стран ΠΈ Ρ€Π΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π² глобальной мСдиаиндустрии. Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡ€ΠΏΠΎΡ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Π΅ структуры ΠΊΡ€ΡƒΠΏΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡˆΠΈΡ… ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ°Ρ…ΠΎΠ»Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΈΡ€Π°, ΠΈ выявляСтся ΡƒΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‰Π°ΡΡΡ ΡΡ‚Π΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡŒ дивСрсификации ΠΈΡ… Π°ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ². Π˜ΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ поколСнчСская диффСрСнциация ΠΌΠ΅Ρ…Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² социализации Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΏΠ°Π½Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΈΠΉΠ½ΡƒΡŽ эпоху, Π² Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ числС доля Π²Ρ€Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ, удСляСмого ΡΠΎΡ†ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ ΠΏΠ»Π°Ρ‚Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°ΠΌ, Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π΄ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌ БМИ (Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π΅ тСлСвидСния), Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ основныС способы доступа Π² Π˜Π½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½Π΅Ρ‚ ΠΈ проникновСния Π½ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹Ρ… Ρ‚Π΅Ρ…Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΉ. ΠŸΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Ρ‹ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ пСрспСктивныС для социализации ΠΈ быстрорастущиС сСгмСнты, Π² частности ΠΈΠ½Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€Π½Π΅Ρ‚-Ρ‚Π΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Ρ‚Π΅Ρ…Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ создания Π²ΠΈΡ€Ρ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ, Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠΈΠ³Ρ€Ρ‹ ΠΈ кибСрспорт. Π’ Ρ„ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ части ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠΈ Ρ€Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ основныС ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ‹ ΠΈ Π²Ρ‹Π·ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ Ρ€Π΅Π³ΡƒΠ»ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡŽ Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ мСдиапространства с Ρ†Π΅Π»ΡŒΡŽ обСспСчСния цСнностного сувСрСнитСта Π² эпоху Π³Π»ΠΎΠ±Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π²Π΅Ρ€Π³Π΅Π½Ρ‚Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ°

    БовСтская структурная ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‰ΡŒ РСспубликС Мали Π² 1960-1968 Π³Π³.

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    The article analyzes the phenomenon of the Soviet Union’s structural aid to African countries - technical and economic cooperation covering major sectors of the economy to ensure the self-sufficient development of recipient countries and weaken the neocolonial impact of the West. The case of bilateral relations between the USSR and Mali in 1960-1968 was chosen for a number of reasons - the strategic location of this African country, its place in the structure of French interests, the formats and volumes of Soviet aid, and, finally, rather weak coverage of the issue in Russian and foreign historiography. The authors preface the analysis of Soviet aid with an overview of the country’s economic situation in the 1960s and the difficulties faced by the Malian government in establishing an independent economic system through the introduction of its own currency, the Malian franc, and the nationalization of former French enterprises. The research is mostly based on the archival funds of the State Committee on Foreign Economic Relations of the Russian State Archive of Economy. The analysis of Soviet assistance is conducted in a wide range of areas, from industry and agriculture to health care and education. The final section examines the transport issue and the Soviet role in removal of the transport blockade imposed by Senegal. Both successful projects of Soviet-Malian cooperation, as the gold and bauxite exploration, the construction of a cement plant, and a sports stadium, and unrealized ideas are described. Among the most obvious problems that hindered cooperation between the USSR and Mali were the lack of financial resources, excessive caution, and Mali’s rather active cooperation with its neighbors and capitalist countries. Soviet aid to Mali allows us to trace the Soviet Union’s role in the real decolonization of African countries and the strengthening of their sovereignty. Unlike many other donors, who mostly limited their aid to certain projects, the USSR provided support within the framework of a full cycle of work in all sectors of the economy (resource extraction - construction of enterprises for processing resources - training of personnel to service enterprises - export of finished goods). Obviously, such a comprehensive approach had a truly favorable effect on the sovereignization of the Malian economy.АнализируСтся Ρ„Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½ структурной ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‰ΠΈ БовСтского Боюза странам Африки - тСхничСского ΠΈ экономичСского сотрудничСства с ΠΎΡ…Π²Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌ основных отраслСй экономики для обСспСчСния самодостаточного развития стран-Ρ€Π΅Ρ†ΠΈΠΏΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ‚ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ослаблСния нСоколониального влияния Π—Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°. КСйс двусторонних ΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π  ΠΈ Мали Π² 1960-1968 Π³Π³. Π±Ρ‹Π» Π²Ρ‹Π±Ρ€Π°Π½ ΠΏΠΎ ряду ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ½, срСди ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Ρ… стратСгичСскоС мСстополоТСниС этой африканской страны, Π΅Π΅ мСсто Π² структурС интСрСсов Π€Ρ€Π°Π½Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ, Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Ρ‹ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΌΡ‹ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‰ΠΈ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π , Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ†, Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΡ‡Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ освСщСния вопроса Π² отСчСствСнной ΠΈ Π·Π°Ρ€ΡƒΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ историографии. Анализ совСтской ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‰ΠΈ Мали прСдваряСтся ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΌ экономичСского полоТСния страны Π² исслСдуСмый ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€ΠΈΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈ пСрСчислСниСм трудностСй, с ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ ΡΡ‚ΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ½ΡƒΠ»ΠΎΡΡŒ малийскоС ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡ‹Ρ‚ΠΊΠ°Ρ… создания нСзависимой экономичСской систСмы Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π· Π²Π½Π΅Π΄Ρ€Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ собствСнной Π²Π°Π»ΡŽΡ‚Ρ‹ - малийского Ρ„Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΊΠ° - ΠΈ Π½Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡŽ Π±Ρ‹Π²ΡˆΠΈΡ… французских прСдприятий. Π Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π° написана с ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π° Π°Ρ€Ρ…ΠΈΠ²Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ‹ ГосударствСнного ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡ‚Π΅Ρ‚Π° Π‘ΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ‚Π° ΠœΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ² Π‘Π‘Π‘Π  ΠΏΠΎ внСшним экономичСским связям (Π“ΠšΠ­Π‘), хранящиСся Π² Ρ„ΠΎΠ½Π΄Π°Ρ… Российского государствСнного Π°Ρ€Ρ…ΠΈΠ²Π° экономики. Анализ совСтской ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‰ΠΈ проводится ΠΏΠΎ самому ΡˆΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌΡƒ спСктру Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ - ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠΌΡ‹ΡˆΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ ΠΈ сСльского хозяйства Π΄ΠΎ здравоохранСния ΠΈ образования. Π’ Ρ„ΠΈΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ части Ρ€Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ транспортный вопрос ΠΈ Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π  Π² снятии транспортной Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π΄Ρ‹ Мали, установлСнной Π‘Π΅Π½Π΅Π³Π°Π»ΠΎΠΌ. ΠžΠΏΠΈΡΡ‹Π²Π°ΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡƒΡΠΏΠ΅ΡˆΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚Ρ‹ совСтско-малийского сотрудничСства Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡ€Π°Π·Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΊΠΈ мСстороТдСний Π·ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡ‚Π° ΠΈ бокситов, ΡΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²Π° Ρ†Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ‚Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΈ спортивного стадиона, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π½Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΈ. Π‘Ρ€Π΅Π΄ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΎΡ‡Π΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ, ΠΏΡ€Π΅ΠΏΡΡ‚ΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π²ΡˆΠΈΡ… сотрудничСству Π‘Π‘Π‘Π  ΠΈ Мали, Π±Ρ‹Π»ΠΈ нСдостаток финансовых рСсурсов, излишняя ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ, довольно активная коопСрация Мали со своими сосСдями ΠΈ капиталистичСскими странами. Π˜Π·ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ совСтской ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‰ΠΈ Мали позволяСт ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒ Π‘Π‘Π‘Π  Π² Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅ Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ африканских стран ΠΈ ΡƒΠΊΡ€Π΅ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡ… сувСрСнитСта. Π’ ΠΎΡ‚Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ… Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈΡ… стран-Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡ€ΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡŒ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‰ΡŒΡŽ Π² ΠΎΡ‚Π΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚Π°Ρ…, Π‘Π‘Π‘Π  обСспСчивал ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠΊΡƒ Π² Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ… ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ†ΠΈΠΊΠ»Π° Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ Π²ΠΎ всСх сфСрах экономики (Π΄ΠΎΠ±Ρ‹Ρ‡Π° рСсурсов - ΡΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²ΠΎ прСдприятий для ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠΈ рСсурсов - ΠΎΠ±ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°Π΄Ρ€ΠΎΠ² для обслуТивания прСдприятий - экспорт Π³ΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡƒΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΈ). ΠŸΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ БовСтского Боюза благоприятно влиял Π½Π° ΡΡƒΠ²Π΅Ρ€Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΡŽ малийской экономики

    БовСтскиС исслСдования Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°

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    The article reviews Soviet and East German studies of neocolonialism that have been translated into Russian. A total of more than 60 monographs on Western neocolonialism have been systematically studied and finally compiled into an electronic archive in preparation for this publication. Based on the materials of Soviet studies, the article presents the main features of Western neocolonialism, related both to political manoeuvres and the economic arsenal of the former metropolitan powers. A detailed analysis of the narratives used by Western countries to emphasize their proximity to the β€œThird World” is given. Particular attention is paid to neocolonial theories, both β€œvariants of well-known bourgeois and reformist concepts addressed to developing countries” and β€œconcepts and theories specially created to support neocolonialism.” Neocolonial approaches were studied both in the context of individual Western countries and groups of states (Great Britain, France, Germany, the European Economic Community (EEC), USA) and by functional areas (technical assistance, food neocolonialism, international organizations). Regarding the UK, the differences in neocolonial policy between Labor Party and Conservatives are examined. The main instruments of France’s neocolonial policy are described and it is concluded that they have hardly changed in recent decades. The role of the FRG in the strategy of β€œEuropean neocolonialism” is shown, and major characteristics of the neocolonial policy of the EEC are highlighted. With regard to the, authors speak of a new type of imperialist colonialism associated with American leadership in the institutions of the β€œcollective West.” As for the United States, a new type of imperialist colonialism is being put forward, associated with America’s leadership in the institutions of the β€œcollective West.” The origins and β€œrunning-in” of the US neocolonial tools are shown in detail, using the actual American colonial experience in the Philippines as an example. The main directions of critical analysis of the participation of Western countries in technical and food aid systems and in the activities of international organizations are presented. In conclusion, some remarks are formulated on the practical component of Soviet studies of neocolonialism. It is also stressed that in the mid-1980s, after the proclamation of the β€œNew Political Thinking” the critical degree of Soviet studies of neocolonialism declined significantly.ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ€ совСтских ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅Ρ€Π΅Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π½Π° русский язык восточногСрманских исслСдований Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°. Π’ ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰Π΅ΠΉ слоТности ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ систСмноС ΠΈΠ·ΡƒΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ 60 Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°, ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π² элСктронный Π°Ρ€Ρ…ΠΈΠ², ΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ†ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ созданный Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Ρ‹ Π² Российском унивСрситСтС Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠΆΠ±Ρ‹ Π½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ². ΠžΠΏΠΈΡ€Π°ΡΡΡŒ Π½Π° ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ‹ совСтских исслСдований, Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ Π²Ρ‹ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ основныС особСнности Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°, связанныС ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ с политичСскими ΠΌΠ°Π½Π΅Π²Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΈ, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΈ экономичСским арсСналом Π±Ρ‹Π²ΡˆΠΈΡ… ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΉ. ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ€ΠΎΠ±Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· Π½Π°Ρ€Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ², ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡŒΠ·ΡƒΠ΅ΠΌΡ‹Ρ… Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ странами для подчСркивания своСй близости ΠΊ Β«Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅ΠΌΡƒ ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΡƒΒ». ОсобоС Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡƒΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ нСоколониалистским тСориям, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ «адрСсованным Ρ€Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠΌΡΡ странам Π²Π°Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ‚Π°ΠΌ общСизвСстных Π±ΡƒΡ€ΠΆΡƒΠ°Π·Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈ рСформистских ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅ΠΏΡ†ΠΈΠΉΒ», Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΈ «концСпциям ΠΈ тСориям, ΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ†ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ созданным для ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°Β». ΠΠ΅ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π² Ρ€Π°Π·Ρ€Π΅Π·Π΅ ΠΎΡ‚Π΄Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹Ρ… Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… стран ΠΈ Π³Ρ€ΡƒΠΏΠΏ стран (ВСликобритания, Ѐранция, ЀСдСративная РСспублика ГСрмания (Π€Π Π“), ЕвропСйскоС экономичСскоС сообщСство (Π•Π­Π‘), БША), Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ Ρ„ΡƒΠ½ΠΊΡ†ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½Ρ‹ΠΌ сфСрам (тСхничСская ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‰ΡŒ, ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΉ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ, ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡƒΠ½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Π΅ ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ). ΠŸΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎ ΠΊ Π’Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±Ρ€ΠΈΡ‚Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ΡΡ различия Π² нСоколониальной ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ лСйбористами ΠΈ консСрваторами. ΠžΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ‹ Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ основныС инструмСнты нСоколониальной ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π€Ρ€Π°Π½Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ сдСлан Π²Ρ‹Π²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΠ± ΠΈΡ… практичСской нСизмСнности Π½Π° протяТСнии послСдних дСсятилСтий. Показана Ρ€ΠΎΠ»ΡŒ Π€Π Π“ Π² стратСгии «СвропСйского Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°Β», Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π²Ρ‹Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ‹ основныС особСнности нСоколониальной ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π•Π­Π‘. Π’ случаС БША Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ Π²Ρ‹ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‚ Ρ‡Π΅Ρ€Ρ‚Ρ‹ импСриалистичСского ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏΠ°, связанного с амСриканским лидСрством Π² институтах Β«ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π—Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°Β». ΠŸΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Ρ‹ истоки ΠΈ Β«ΠΎΠ±ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΠΊΠ°Β» нСоколониального инструмСнтария БША Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€Π΅ Ρ€Π΅Π°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ колониального ΠΎΠΏΡ‹Ρ‚Π° Π½Π° Π€ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΏΠΏΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ…. ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ‹ основныС направлСния критичСского Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° участия Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… стран Π² систСмах тСхничСской ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‰ΠΈ, Π° Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π² Π΄Π΅ΡΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡƒΠ½Π°Ρ€ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΎΡ€Π³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΉ. Π’ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡŽΡ‡Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ дСлаСтся Π²Ρ‹Π²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎ практичСской ΡΠΎΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π»ΡΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΉ совСтских исслСдований Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ отмСчаСтся, Ρ‡Ρ‚ΠΎ Π² сСрСдинС 1980-Ρ… Π³Π³. послС принятия ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Β«Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ политичСского ΠΌΡ‹ΡˆΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΒ» объСм совСтских исслСдований Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° сущСствСнно снизился

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