The influence of abiotic processes, competition and predation on the community structure of rodents and shrews.

Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, 2012.Predation and abiotic processes rather than competition should influence the community structure of rodents and shrews with life histories characterised by high fecundity, short longevity and unstable populations. I investigated the influence of abiotic processes, predation and competition on three parameters of community structure (species composition, phenotypic and phylogenetic niches) of rodents and shrews at Mkhuze and Kube Yini, two game reserves in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, using null models and multivariate analyses. Rodents and shrews were sampled between 2007 and 2009. Sample-based rarefaction curves indicated that rodent species richness was higher at Mkhuze than at Kube Yini, while shrew species richness was identical at both reserves. Species richness estimators indicated that estimates of species richness were fairly accurate, hence strengthening the results from my null model analyses. I found evidence that immigration and extinction operating at a regional scale influenced rodent species composition. Moreover, habitat filtering operating at a local scale influenced rodent and shrew species composition. These processes produced nested assemblages: species present at species-poor sites were subsets of species present at species-rich sites. Habitat filtering also influenced the phenotypic niche of rodents and shrews: sympatric species showed similar phenotypic adaptations (phenotypic niches were underdispersed), probably in response to similar food requirements. Furthermore, shrew phenotypic traits showed a convergent evolution, and local assemblages comprised distantly related species (phylogenetic evenness), suggesting the influence of habitat filtering on the phylogenetic niche structure of shrews. Predation influenced shrew phenotypes. Bullae and ears were underdispersed and larger than expected by chance, probably to reduce predation risk through increased hearing sensitivity. In contrast, I found no evidence that predation influenced the rodent phenotypic niche. Competition influenced the phenotypic niches of rodents and shrews in species-rich assemblages (phenotypic niches were overdispersed). In these assemblages, the coexistence of species was facilitated by dietary and microhabitat partitioning. Competition also influenced the phylogenetic niche of rodents: phenotypic traits showed a convergent evolution, and local assemblages comprised closely related species (phylogenetic clustering). In conclusion, both abiotic and biotic processes influenced different parameters of the community structure of rodents and shrews. However, despite similar life-history traits, the community structure of local assemblages differed between rodents and shrews. Comparing patterns and processes of community structure across taxa would help find general trends of community organisation

Study by optical spectroscopy and molecular dynamics of the interaction of acridine-spermine conjugate with DNA

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Landscape structure indicators as a key feature in habitat selection : an operational approach to conservation planning

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Influence des indicateurs paysagers et de leur échelle d'intégration sur l'habitat d'une espèce avienne (conséquences sur la modélisation de la qualité d'habitat de la Gélinotte dans une perspective de gestion conservatoire)

Dans le contexte du changement global et de la perte de la biodiversité, la prise en compte de cette dernière dans la gestion forestière reste encore très générale. Les démarches ne sont pas encore opérationnelles alors que les gestionnaires ont besoin d'outils destinés directement à la planification. Ainsi, il est devenu urgent d'améliorer les approches d'évaluation et de suivi de la biodiversité et de développer un cadre conceptuel à partir des indicateurs biologiques qui puisse servir dans la prise des décisions. Ce travail se repose sur une approche associant l'enjeu de conservation d'une espèce sauvage patrimoniale dans un paysage de montagne à la maîtrise d'une gestion forestière qui détermine la qualité de son habitat. Dans le cadre concret de la gestion forestière d'un Parc Naturel Régional où les enjeux sont multiples (écologiques, économiques, touristiques), les acteurs concernés s'interrogent moins sur le comment gérer que sur le où gérer ; en d'autres termes, définir les périmètres de bonne qualité d'habitat afin d'optimiser la gestion et à l'échelle optimale. Notre travail est moins de procurer des outils aux gestionnaires que de poser les jalons scientifiques d'une approche holistique inspirée de l'écologie du paysage. Nous partons ainsi de l'hypothèse selon laquelle les variables environnementales ainsi que la structure du paysage influencent la présence d'une espèce indicatrice de la diversité biologique d'un milieu. Dans ce travail nous nous appuyons sur cette hypothèse pour développer une démarche spatialement explicite qui permettrait d'atteindre l'objectif de conservation dans le cadre d'un processus de gestion forestière adaptative, en étudiant le cas de la gélinotte des bois dans le Parc Naturel Régional de Grande Chartreuse. Ce modèle prédictif de l'occurrence de la gélinotte des bois en Chartreuse s'appuie sur des indicateurs environnementaux et paysagers aisément mesurables et spatialisables. Ceci permettra d'établir un diagnostic de la qualité de l'habitat, d'approfondir les connaissances sur les relations entre la structure du paysage et l'espèce à différentes échelles et de déterminer les secteurs d'habitat qui sont les plus appropriés à la gélinotte des bois en zone de montagne. La représentation spatiale de l'hétérogénéité à différentes échelles permet d'envisager de nombreuses applications dans les domaines de la conservation et de la gestion forestière multifonctionnelle. Nos résultats, relevant d'une approche spatialement explicite, valident l'hypothèse selon laquelle la qualité de l'habitat de la gélinotte peut être modélisée avec une précision acceptable uniquement à partir d'indices paysagers, s'ils sont calculés sur la bonne étendue. Ils constituent donc une avancée pour une aide à la gestion, puisqu'ils préfigurent d'un outil permettant la localisation de zones prioritaires sur lesquelles la conservation de la gélinotte peut être optimisée.In the context of global change and current loss of biodiversity, there is an urgent need to improve spatial approaches for assessing and monitoring biodiversity in order to develop a conceptual framework based on biological indicators that can be used in conservation planning. The problem still remains in terms of decisions and knowledge on where to set appropriate conservation targets. Hence, we need detailed and reliable information about forest landscape structure and composition and methods for estimating this information over the whole spatial domain. This work is based on an approach involving conservation of a patrimonial species in a mountain landscape. The Regional Natural Park in the French sub-Alps, used for this study encounters multiple conflicts (i.e. ecological, economic, tourism pressures). The stakeholders are then very concern on "where to manage" in other words, they need tools to define the perimeter of good quality habitat to optimize management at an optimal scale. Landscape metrics are widely used to explore the spatial heterogeneity of landscapes that influence several species distribution. Few empirical researches have comparatively examined their indicator value for certain species occurrence at different scales. Within the framework of this study we test hypothesis concerning the best scale at which Hazel Grouse respond to the landscape structure. Our aim was to evaluate significant relations between different landscape level indicators and species occurrence and to assess the effects of the extent of the considered landscape on their performance. Results showed that spatial scale affected the performance of the metrics, since Hazel Grouse occurrence was usually better predicted at relatively smaller extents of surrounding landscape. In all, outputs of this work constitute support for forest management, as they provide a methodological framework and indicators for prioritizing areas in terms of habitat quality where species conservation planning can be optimized.SAVOIE-SCD - Bib.électronique (730659901) / SudocGRENOBLE1/INP-Bib.électronique (384210012) / SudocGRENOBLE2/3-Bib.électronique (384219901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Institutional change in the international governance of agriculture: a revised account

The place of agriculture in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) prior to 1986 is usually described in terms of either exclusion or exemption from general trading rules. This paper reevaluates the ‘exemption’ argument and its corollary that the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture (AoA) represented a punctuated equilibrium in the governance of agriculture. Instead it traces the dynamics of institutional change through the history of the GATT/WTO, distinguishing between multilateral trading rounds and the framework of trade rules as separate but linked contexts for addressing agricultural trade matters; and further disaggregating the latter into broad principles and specific rules. It is argued that the broad principles lacked detail but, paradoxically, initially this facilitated an approach to dispute settlement based on conciliation. Subsequent trade tensions exposed an inability to make definitive legal decisions on the compatibility of specific national rules with broad GATT principles. The AoA is rooted in these institutional antecedents, but claims of the legalization of the trade regime are belied by a continued reliance on political flexibility and bargaining

Historical learning in the design of WTO rules: the EC sugar case

The Uruguay Round Agreement made significant changes to the governance of international trade. Trade rules and dispute settlement mechanisms were altered and a series of specific agreements provided for liberalisation across economic sectors. The Agreement on Agriculture, arguably the most difficult and contentious to negotiate, permitted the continued use of trade-distorting instruments, both domestically and at the border. Rule-enforcement in agriculture therefore relies crucially on the clarity of the rules. This paper provides an in-depth study of a unique and critical case for understanding the new rules: the EC sugar regime. This policy was challenged unsuccessfully under the pre-Uruguay Round rules, but successfully under the new rules. This case is particularly valuable in allowing us to isolate the effect of the Uruguay Round on agricultural trade disputes: the policy under challenge was essentially unchanged and the legal actions addressed the same concern – excessive export subsidisation. Drawing on primary and secondary materials and interviews with key policy actors, sugar is used to illustrate how those involved in the multilateral process learned from particular rule weaknesses revealed in earlier cases, revising those rules in the Uruguay Round in such a way that dispute panels can more readily and objectively determine rule breaches

Transforming acidic coiled-coil 3 and Aurora-A interact in human thyrocytes and their expression is deregulated in thyroid cancer tissues

Aurora-A kinase has recently been shown to be deregulated in thyroid cancer cells and tissues. Among the Aurora-A substrates identified, transforming acidic coiled-coil (TACC3), a member of the TACC family, plays an important role in cell cycle progression and alterations of its expression occur in different cancer tissues. In this study, we demonstrated the expression of the TACC3 gene in normal human thyroid cells (HTU5), and its modulation at both mRNA and protein levels during cell cycle. Its expression was found, with respect to HTU5 cells, unchanged in cells derived from a benign thyroid follicular tumor (HTU42), and significantly reduced in cell lines derived from follicular (FTC-133), papillary (B-CPAP), and anaplastic thyroid carcinomas (CAL-62 and 8305C). Moreover, in 16 differentiated thyroid cancer tissues, TACC3 mRNA levels were found, with respect to normal matched tissues, reduced by twofold in 56% of cases and increased by twofold in 44% of cases. In the same tissues, a correlation between the expression of the TACC3 and Aurora-A mRNAs was observed. TACC3 and Aurora-A interact in vivo in thyroid cells and both proteins localized onto the mitotic structure of thyroid cells. Finally, TACC3 localization on spindle microtubule was no more observed following the inhibition of Aurora kinase activity by VX-680. We propose that Aurora-A and TACC3 interaction is important to control the mitotic spindle organization required for proper chromosome segregation