Biodegradation of volatile CFCs, H-CFCs and VC in compost and marl

The biodegradation of volatile fully chlorofluonnated hydro carbons (CFCs), partly chlorofluorinated hydrocarbons (H CFCs) and vinyl chloride (VC) were investigated in compost and marl in laboratory studies. Trichlorofluoromethane (R11), dichlorodifluoromethane (R12), 1,1,2-trichlorotriflu oroethane (R113), difluoromethane (R32) and VC were bio degradable in compost under anaerobic conditions, probably by methanogenic bacteria. The anaerobic decomposition products of R11 were dichlorofluoromethane (R21 ) and chlo rofluoromethane (R31). The degradation product of R12 was chlorodifluoromethane (R22). R11 and its degradation prod ucts have the inhibiting effects of the R12 degradation under anaerobic conditions. The partly halogenated hydrocarbon R22 and VC were degraded preferentially under aerobic con ditions in marl, probably by methanotrophic bacteria. Under aerobic conditions R22 and VC have inhibited the biodegra dation of methane by methanotrophic bacteria

Process simulation of biological degradation processes in the area of waste management

Es existieren umfangreiche wissenschaftliche Arbeiten, die sich mit der Behandlung oder Verwertung von Abfällen mit biogenen Anteilen beschäftigen. Dieses Wissen in einem Computerprogramm anhand eines Simulationsmodells zusammenfassend darstellbar und somit auch für andere Anwendungen nutzbar zu machen, war das Ziel dieser Arbeit. Berücksichtigt wurden die wesentlichen aeroben und anaeroben mikrobiologischen, chemischen und biochemischen Prozesse, aber auch physikalische Einflüsse, sofern diese verallgemeinert werden können. Die Verwendung des graphischen Programmiersystems LabVIEW™ 7.0 von National Instruments für die Programmierung dieser komplexen Simulationssoftware mit mehr als 50 Iterationsschleifen lässt Erweiterungen und Integrationen weiterer spezieller Fragestellungen bis hin zu mess- und regeltechnischen Aufgaben zu. Hilfreich ist das Simulationsmodell für den Betrieb und für die Planung von Abfallbehandlungsanlagen, für Verfahrensoptimierungen und Prognosen und für Ausbildungszwecke.Extensive scientific works were carried out in the field of treatment and utilization of waste. Aim of the work was to develop a simulation model which summarizes this knowledge and integrates it in a computer software. In the simulation model, the most important aerobic and anaerobic microbiological as well as chemical, biochemical and physical processes and effects were considered, provided that these could be generalized and mathematically described. The graphic programming system LabVIEW™ 7.0 of National Instruments was used for the programming of the complex simulation software. The developed software contains more than 50 loops and allows expansions and integrations, e.g. for updates of model parts and for consideration of further special questions. It allows as well the future integration of tasks in the field of measurement technology and control engineering. The possible applications of the simulation software are manifold. The simulation program can support planning and operation of waste treatment systems. It is also usable for waste treatment optimizations in research and practice. Furthermore the software is usable for forecasts and for education

Über die Bildung und Bedeutung der lateinischen Adjectiva auf fer und ger

vom Realgymnasiallehrer Dr. DeipserProgr.-Nr. 15

The origin and fate of volatile trace components in municipal solid waste landfills

The content of readily volatile halogenated hydrocarbons (chlorinated and chlorinated, fluorinated hydrocarbons (VCCs/CFCs)) and the BTEX aromatic substances (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene) in municipal solid waste (MSW) was determined by two different methods. Moreover, the emission potential of these substances via the gas and leachate phase was investigated during the different biological degradation phases in the landfill

Simulation software for biological processes in waste management (SimuCF)

Eine Literaturrecherche hat gezeigt, dass keine Software für die Simulation aerober und anaerober Abbauprozesse für organische Mischungen verfügbar ist. Gestützt auf Grundkenntnissen und den Ergebnissen aus Literaturrecherchen wurde daher ein Modell und eine neue Software - SimuCF,- entwickelt. Für die Erstellung der Software wurde LabVIEW™ ausgewählt. Das Ergebnis ist ein Computerprogramm, dass die Abbauprozesse für biogene Substanzen auf dem Computer simulieren kann. Aufgrund der Ergebnisse können Aussagen über Prozessverläufe und Verbesserungsmöglichkeiten getroffen werden. Das schließt auch die qualitative und quantitative Beschreibung der Emissionen während verschiedener Abbauphasen ein. Die ersten Validierungsvergleiche von simulierten Werten mit empirisch gemessenen Ergebnissen zeigten vielversprechende Resultate; sowohl für die Kompostierung, als auch für die anaerobe Vergärung. SimuCF kann also beispielsweise verwendet werden, um emissions- und energie-bezogene Fragen in Kompostierungs- und Vergärungs- bzw. Biogasanlagen zu beantworten. Prozessoptimierungen könnten auf diese Weise helfen, den Energieverbrauch zu reduzieren und die Biogasbildung und andere Emissionen zu verbessern. Die Software SimuCF könnte auch für Lehrkurse verwendet werden. Spezielle Anpassungen sind für alle Bereiche möglich.A literature review has shown that there is no software or model for simulation available for both, the aerobic and anaerobic degradation process for organic mixtures. Based on basic knowledge and findings in the literature, a new model, SimuCF, was developed. As software for programming LabVIEW™ was selected. SimuCF can simulate the degradation processes for biogenic substances on the computer to such an extent that statements regarding process sequences or process improvements can be made. This also includes the qualitative and quantitative description of the emissions during different degradation phases. The first validations by comparing simulated and empirically obtained values provided good results for composting as well as for anaerobic digestion. SimuCF can be used to help answer energy- and emission-related questions in waste management facilities. Process optimizations reduced energy consumption and improved biogas generation and all other emissions. This software can also be used for training courses. Special adjustments are possible for all

A survey system to present the status of anaerobic digestion in Europe in different sectors – Agriculture, industrial, urban waste and waste water sector

The RAMIRAN Anaerobic Digestion (AD) Task Group has completed a second survey of the status of European biogas for the years 2010/12. The survey has been split into agricultural, industrial, urban waste and wastewater sectors and data has been collected from eleven countries for at least one of these sectors. The questions included driving forces, the number, type and size of plants, substrates, utilisation of digestate and energy production. AD was found to be well established in most participating countries. GE still remains predominant regarding the number of AD units. Feed-in tariffs remain the strongest driving force, and energy production the dominant goal. AD in GE is still dominated by maize digestion in small plants, whereas the opposite is true in DK and IT. There relatively large plants are preferred and manure is the dominant feedstock. Based on the findings of the first two surveys, the questionnaire is considered suitably short and concise