Eficacia política, ética y corrupción en el Gobierno de Guayaquil (1779-1790)

The government of Ramón García de León y Pizarro received praise from the Crown and, later on, from the ranks of historical research. However, some of his acts raise questions for their dubious ethics and morality. Threats, bribes, strong-arm tactics, favoritism, etc. were prevalent among his political practices and for his own benefit, as well as the benefit of his clan. This article analyses some of these irregular behaviors in the context of a debate on corruption in colonial bureaucracy.El gobierno de Ramón García de León y Pizarro en Guayaquil mereció los elogios de la Corona y más tarde de la investigación histórica. Sin embargo, algunos de sus actos podrían ser cuestionados por su dudosa ética y moralidad. Las amenazas, sobornos, medidas de presión, favoritismos, etc. formaron parte de su práctica política en beneficio propio y el de su clan. Este artículo analiza algunos de esos comportamientos irregulares en el contexto del debate sobre la corrupción de la burocracia colonial

Spiders do not escape reproductive manipulations by Wolbachia

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Maternally inherited bacteria that reside obligatorily or facultatively in arthropods can increase their prevalence in the population by altering their hosts' reproduction. Such reproductive manipulations have been reported from the major arthropod groups such as insects (in particular hymenopterans, butterflies, dipterans and beetles), crustaceans (isopods) and mites. Despite the observation that endosymbiont bacteria are frequently encountered in spiders and that the sex ratio of particular spider species is strongly female biased, a direct relationship between bacterial infection and sex ratio variation has not yet been demonstrated for this arthropod order.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Females of the dwarf spider <it>Oedothorax gibbosus </it>exhibit considerable variation in the sex ratio of their clutches and were infected with at least three different endosymbiont bacteria capable of altering host reproduction i.e. <it>Wolbachia</it>, <it>Rickettsia </it>and <it>Cardinium</it>. Breeding experiments show that sex ratio variation in this species is primarily maternally inherited and that removal of the bacteria by antibiotics restores an unbiased sex ratio. Moreover, clutches of females infected with <it>Wolbachia </it>were significantly female biased while uninfected females showed an even sex ratio. As female biased clutches were of significantly smaller size compared to non-distorted clutches, killing of male embryos appears to be the most likely manipulative effect.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>This represents to our knowledge the first direct evidence that endosymbiont bacteria, and in particular <it>Wolbachia</it>, might induce sex ratio variation in spiders. These findings are pivotal to further understand the diversity of reproductive phenotypes observed in this arthropod order.</p

Revision des Dysderinae (Araneae, Dysderidae), les especes mediterraneennes occidentales exceptees

Volume: 131Start Page: 141End Page: 26

Figs 640-641. Argistes velox. 640 in Forest Spiders of South East Asia With a revision of the sac and ground spiders (Araneae: Clubionidae, Corinnidae, Liocranidae, Gnaphosidae, Prodidomidae and Trochanterriidae).

Figs 640-641. Argistes velox. 640. Male, spinnerets, ventral. 641. Right PLS and PMS, ventral

An inventory of the spiders in two primary tropical forests in Sabah, North Borneo

Volume: 33Start Page: 491End Page: 49

Les araignées du genre Rhode de Yougoslavie (Araneae, Dysderidae)

Rhode magnifica n. sp. is described from a Montenegrine cave and Rhode stalitoides n. sp. from a Bosnian cave. There is a redescription of Rhode aspintfera (Nikolié). The author includes in the genus Rhode the species previously contained in the genera Harpassa and Typhlorhode. The northern Yugoslav genus Stalita and related genera are regarded to be the nearest relatives of Rhode and it is concluded that they have originated on the Balkan Peninsula from a common ancestor

Figs 734-736. Sesieutes lucens, male holotype. 734. right palp, retrolateral. 735 in Forest Spiders of South East Asia With a revision of the sac and ground spiders (Araneae: Clubionidae, Corinnidae, Liocranidae, Gnaphosidae, Prodidomidae and Trochanterriidae).

Figs 734-736. Sesieutes lucens, male holotype. 734. right palp, retrolateral. 735. Left palp, tibia, dorsal-retrolateral. 736. S. scrobiculatus, left palpal tibia. 737. S. bulbosus, left palpal tibia. 738. S. borneensis, left palpal tibia. 739-743. Sesieutes scrobiculatus sp. n. 739. Male palp, ventral. 740. Palp, retrolateral. 741. Epigyne. 742. Vulva, in clove oil, dorsal. 743. Female, spinnerets, ventralcaudal. 744. Sesieutes nitens sp. n., female, head

Figs 730-733. Plynnon jaegeri. 730. Male holotype, habitus. 731. Palp, ventral. 732. Retrolateral. 733 in Forest Spiders of South East Asia With a revision of the sac and ground spiders (Araneae: Clubionidae, Corinnidae, Liocranidae, Gnaphosidae, Prodidomidae and Trochanterriidae).

Figs 730-733. Plynnon jaegeri. 730. Male holotype, habitus. 731. Palp, ventral. 732. Retrolateral. 733. Epigyne