Electrochemistry of Ru(edta) complexes relevant to small molecule transformations: Catalytic implications and challenges

Electrochemistry of Ru(edta) complexes (edta4 = ethylenediaminetetraacetate) progressed over a period of several decades, with significant increase in understanding of the electro-catalytic processes involving the substrate coordinated to the metal center. While electrochemistry studies of many Ru(edta) complexes were published in several papers, no attempt has been made to provide a comprehensive and systematic overview of its electrochemical properties, evaluating its application to catalytic electrochemical transformation of small molecules. In this article, results of the electrochemical studies of both mononuclear and binuclear complexes of Ru(edta) are reviewed with regard to electron-transfer reaction mechanism and activity. Their potential to act as redox mediators or catalysts in electrochemical transformations of small molecules and enzymatic reactions, are highlighted. This review aims to contribute to the mechanistic understanding of Ru(edta) complexes in catalysis of such electrochemical transformations

Kinetics & Mechanism of Substitution of Aquo Ligands from cis-Diaquo-bis(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III) Ion by Glycine in Water-Ethanol Mixture

350-35

Public Firm in Mixed Oligopolistic Structure: A Theoretical Exposition

The logic for state monopoly of public utilities arises from increasing returns to scale and the concern that private business in these areas results in monopolistic exploitation of consumers. The state monopoly however is fraught with the danger of production inefficiency. In this backdrop, the market form of mixed oligopoly is contemplated in markets like health, education, electricity, gas, telecommunications etc, where public and private sector coexists. The private firms maximize profit but the public firm maximizes social welfare. Despite this theoretical exposition, it is often observed that public firms fail to make contributions according to their potentiality. The public firm in an industry with rapid change in technology can perform inefficiently due to decision making delay, adherence to social obligation. The policy makers must rise to these occasions then survival of public firms will be smooth. The option of public private partnership also derives affirmative results for the society and the particular industry per se

Performance of mixed oligopoly model in the context of Indian telecom industry

The logic for state monopoly of public utilities arises from increasing returns to scale and the concern that private business in these areas results in monopolistic exploitation of consumers. The state monopoly however is fraught with the danger of production inefficiency. In this backdrop, the market form of mixed oligopoly is contemplated in markets like health, education, electricity, gas, telecommunications, etc, where public and private sector coexists. The private firms maximize profit but the public firm maximizes social welfare. Despite this theoretical exposition, it is often observed that public firms fail to make contributions according to their potentiality. As a result the issue of social welfare gets a short shrift. While assessing the behaviour and performance of the firm in this setup we must know the objective functions and the constraints. The asymmetry of objectives between private and public firms and the asymmetry of constraints may explain the below par performance of public firms. This needs focus on the existing theoretical construct on mixed oligopoly and empirical consideration of the performance of some specific public firm. In this paper we study the state owned Indian telecom company Bharat Shanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) to get an understanding of performance of mixed oligopoly

Performance of mixed oligopoly model in the context of Indian telecom industry

The logic for state monopoly of public utilities arises from increasing returns to scale and the concern that private business in these areas results in monopolistic exploitation of consumers. The state monopoly however is fraught with the danger of production inefficiency. In this backdrop, the market form of mixed oligopoly is contemplated in markets like health, education, electricity, gas, telecommunications, etc, where public and private sector coexists. The private firms maximize profit but the public firm maximizes social welfare. Despite this theoretical exposition, it is often observed that public firms fail to make contributions according to their potentiality. As a result the issue of social welfare gets a short shrift. While assessing the behaviour and performance of the firm in this setup we must know the objective functions and the constraints. The asymmetry of objectives between private and public firms and the asymmetry of constraints may explain the below par performance of public firms. This needs focus on the existing theoretical construct on mixed oligopoly and empirical consideration of the performance of some specific public firm. In this paper we study the state owned Indian telecom company Bharat Shanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) to get an understanding of performance of mixed oligopoly

Photofixation of carbon dioxide in semiconductor particulate and microbial systems

Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to HCOOH and HCHO was carried out in a Pt/CdS/RuO2 semiconductor particulate system using [RuIII(EDTA-H)H2O] complex as catalyst. Upon illumination at 505 nm (band gap energy of CdS), the system produced HCOOH and HCHO at rates equal to 3.05×l0−2 Mh−1 and 2.0×10−2 M h−1, respectively. Trace amounts of CH2OH, CH4 and CO were also detected in the reaction vessel. Photobiological conversion of CO2 to formic acid was achieved by using Halobacterium halobium MMT22 in aqueous solution at a rate equal to 0.45 M h−1. A one-and-half-fold increase in the rate of formation of formic acid was observed when the photobiological reduction of CO2 was performed in the presence of L-ascorbic acid as electron-donating agent and [RuIII(bipy)3]2+ as photosensitizer

New Oral Anticoagulants are Not Superior to Warfarin in Secondary Prevention of Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attacks, but Lower the Risk of Intracranial Bleeding: Insights from a Meta-Analysis and Indirect Treatment Comparisons

PURPOSE: Patients with Atrial Fibrillation (AF) and prior stroke are classified as high risk in all risk stratification schemes. A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to compare the efficacy and safety of New Oral Anticoagulants (NOACs) to warfarin in patients with AF and previous stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA). METHODS: Three randomized controlled trials (RCTs), including total 14527 patients, comparing NOACs (apixaban, dabigatran and rivaroxaban) with warfarin were included in the analysis. Primary efficacy endpoint was ischemic stroke, and primary safety endpoint was intracranial bleeding. Random-effects models were used to pool efficacy and safety data across RCTs. RevMan and Stata software were used for direct and indirect comparisons, respectively. RESULTS: In patients with AF and previous stroke or TIA, effects of NOACs were not statistically different from that of warfarin, in reduction of stroke (Odds Ratio [OR] 0.86, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.73- 1.01), disabling and fatal stroke (OR 0.85, 95% CI 0.71-1.04), and all-cause mortality (OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.79 -1.02). Randomization to NOACs was associated with a significantly lower risk of intracranial bleeding (OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.25-0.70). There were no major differences in efficacy between apixaban, dabigatran (110 mg BID and 150 mg BID) and rivaroxaban. Major bleeding was significantly lower with apixaban and dabigatran (110 mg BID) compared with dabigatran (150 mg BID) and rivaroxaban. CONCLUSION: NOACs may not be more effective than warfarin in the secondary prevention of ischemic stroke in patients with a prior history of cerebrovascular ischemia, but have a lower risk of intracranial bleeding

RuIII(EDTA) mediated S-nitrosylation of cysteine by nitrite

Reported here is the first example of a ruthenium(III) complex [RuIII(EDTA)(H2O)]− (EDTA4− = ethylenediaminetetraacetate) that mediates S-nitrosylation of cysteine in the presence of nitrite at pH 4.5 (acetate buffer) and results in the formation of [RuIII(EDTA)(SNOCy)]−. The kinetics of the reaction was studied by stopped-flow and rapid-scan spectrophotometry as a function of [Cysteine], [NO2−] and pH (3.5–8.5). Formation of [RuIII(EDTA)(SNOCy)]−, the product of the S-nitrosylation reaction, was identified by ESI-MS experiments. A working mechanism in agreement with the spectroscopic and kinetic data is presented