Vegetarianism

Ethical vegetarians maintain that vegetarianism is morally required. The principal reasons offered in support of ethical vegetarianism are: (i) concern for the welfare and well-being of the animals being eaten, (ii) concern for the environment, (iii) concern over global food scarcity and the just distribution of resources, and (iv) concern for future generations. Each of these reasons is explored in turn, starting with a historical look at ethical vegetarianism and the moral status of animals

A model based on Heisenberg’s theory for the eddy diffusivity in decaying turbulence applied to the residual layer

The problemof the theoretical derivation of a parameterization for the eddy diffusivity in decaying turbulence is addressed. This derivation makes use of the dynamical equation for the energy spectrum density and the classical statistical diffusion theory. The starting point is Heisenberg’s elementary decaying turbulence theory. The main assumption is related to the identification of a frequency, lying in the inertial subrange, characterizing the inertial energy transfer among eddies of different size. The resulting eddy diffusivity parameterization is then applied to the decay of convective turbulence in the residual layer. Besides the intrinsic scientific interest, this topic has relevance for mesoscale transport and diffusion simulations. The resulting expression for the eddy diffusivity cannot be solved analytically. For this reason an algebraic approximated formulation, giving nearly the same results as the exact expression, is also proposed

Turbulence dissipation rate derivation for meandering occurrences in a stable planetary boundary layer

A new formulation for the turbulence dissipation rate ε occurring in meandering conditions has been presented. The derivation consists of a MacLaurin series expansion of a lateral dispersion parameter that represents cases in which turbulence and oscillatory movements associated to the meandering events coexist. The new formulation presents the identical physical premises contained in the classical and largely used one, but the new formulation derived from meandering situations is expressed in terms of the loop parameter <I>m</I> that controls the absolute value of the negative lobe in the meandering autocorrelation function. Therefore, the <I>m</I> magnitude regulates the turbulence dissipation rate. This dissipation rate decreases for cases in which turbulence and low frequency horizontal wind oscillations coexist and increases for a fully developed turbulence. Furthermore, a statistical comparison to observed concentration data shows that the alternative relation for the turbulent dissipation rate occurring in situations of meandering enhanced dispersion is suitable for applications in Lagrangian Stochastic dispersion models

Derivação do Modelo de Pluma Gaussiana Empregando o Método de Transformadas Integrais

Derivação do Modelo de Pluma Gaussiana empregando oMétodo de Transformadas Integrai

Les Modeling of a Diurnal Cycle

LES modeling of a diurnal cycl

Comparação entre os Parâmetros de dispersão Algébrico e Clássico Via Modelo de Pluma Gaussiana

Comparação entre os parâmetros de dispersão algébrico eclássico via Modelo de Pluma Gaussian

Proposal of a new autocorrelation function in low wind speed conditions

Abstract In this study a new mathematical expression to describe the observed meandering autocorrelation functions in low-wind speed is proposed. The analysis utilizes a large number of best fit curves to show that the proposed theoretical function well reproduces the general form and the negative lobes characterizing the experimental meandering autocorrelation function. Further, the good agreement of the measured autocorrelation curves with the proposed algebraic autocorrelation function allows to calculate the magnitudes of the meandering period and of the loop parameter. The results agree with the values presented and discussed in the literature. Therefore, the new formulation describing experimental meandering autocorrelation functions can be used to simulate the dispersion of contaminant during low wind episodes and to determine relevant meandering parameters

Uma Solução Semianalítica para o Perfil do Vento Médio na Camada Limite Atmosférica: Parte ii

Uma solução semianalítica para o perfil do vento médio na Camada Limite Atmosférica: Parte I