Optical Spectroscopy on Fungal Diagnosis

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INSL3 stimulates spermatogonial differentiation in testis of adult zebrafish (Danio rerio)

INSL3 (insulin-like peptide 3) is a relaxin peptide family member expressed by Leydig cells in the vertebrate testis. In mammals, INSL3 mediates testicular descent during embryogenesis but information on its function in adults is limited. In fish, the testes remain in the body cavity, although the insl3 gene is still expressed, suggesting yet undiscovered, evolutionary older functions. Anti-Müllerian hormone (Amh), in addition to inhibiting spermatogonial differentiation and androgen release, inhibits the Fsh (follicle-stimulating hormone)-induced increase in insl3 transcript levels in zebrafish testis. Therefore, the two growth factors might have antagonistic effects. We examine human INSL3 (hINSL3) effects on zebrafish germ cell proliferation/differentiation and androgen release by using a testis tissue culture system. hINSL3 increases the proliferation of type A undifferentiated (Aund) but not of type A differentiating (Adiff) spermatogonia, while reducing the proliferation of Sertoli cells associated with proliferating Aund. Since the area occupied by Aund decreases and that of Adiff increases, we conclude that hINSL3 recruits Aund into differentiation; this is supported by the hINSL3-induced down-regulation of nanos2 transcript levels, a marker of single Aund spermatogonia in zebrafish and other vertebrates. Pulse-chase experiments with a mitosis marker also indicate that hINSL3 promotes spermatogonial differentiation. However, hINSL3 does not modulate basal or Fsh-stimulated androgen release or growth factor transcript levels, including those of amh. Thus, hINSL3 seems to recruit Aund spermatogonia into differentiation, potentially mediating an Fsh effect on spermatogenesis

Repensando o Ensino de Química por meio da Pedagogia de Projetos – a Sorvetada de Química

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Controle interno como ferramenta de gestão na prevenção e redução de fraudes e erros nas organizações empresariais / Internal control as a management tool in the prevention and reduction of fraud and errors in business organizations

O presente artigo trata-se de uma revisão bibliográfica, que aborda sobre o controle interno. Que são os sistemas usados por uma organização para gerenciar riscos e diminuir as fraudes. A estrutura desse mecanismo é composta pelos fatores de controle, pelas ferramentas da contabilidade e por procedimentos denominados atividades de controle. Um sistema de controle interno devidamente projetado e funcionando não eliminará o risco de perda, mas o reduzirá. A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo principal descrever e relacionar a importância do controle interno como mecanismo essencial para o controle de fraudes em empresa. Já os objetivos específicos são: apresentar as ferramentas e estratégias utilizadas para o segmento do controle interno organizacional; descrever o papel da contabilidade na gestão do controle interno de uma empresa e relacionar o controle de fraudes em empresas com a eficácia do controle interno. O presente artigo tem intuito de responder a seguinte pergunta problema: de que forma uma organização pode estabelecer a necessidade da implantação de sistemas para o controle interno e qual a segurança que essa implantação possa garantir a redução de riscos e ocorrência de fraudes? Portanto, o presente artigo trata-se de uma revisão de literatura que utiliza os fins exploratórios, com a utilização e análise de artigos científicos e livros que abordam a temática escolhida nessa pesquisa. Sendo esperado com o desenvolvimento da pesquisa que as informações selecionadas possam alcançar os objetivos estabelecidos e responder à pergunta problema escolhida. Além de servir como material de apoio para acadêmicos e recém-formados e profissionais da área

Which parameters to use for sleep quality monitoring in team sport athletes? A systematic review and metaanalysis

Background: Sleep quality is an essential component of athlete's recovery. However, a better understanding of the parameters to adequately quantify sleep quality in team sport athletes is clearly warranted. Objective: To identify which parameters to use for sleep quality monitoring in team sport athletes. Methods: Systematic searches for articles reporting the qualitative markers related to sleep in team sport athletes were conducted in PubMed, Scopus, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science online databases. The systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. For the meta-analysis, effect sizes with 95% CI were calculated and heterogeneity was assessed using a random-effects model. The coefficient of variation (CV) with 95% CI was also calculated to assess the level of instability of each parameter. Results: In general, 30 measuring instruments were used for monitoring sleep quality. A meta-analysis was undertaken on 15 of these parameters. Four objective parameters inferred by actigraphy had significant results (sleep efficiency with small CV and sleep latency, wake episodes and total wake episode duration with large CV). Six subjective parameters obtained from questionnaires and scales also had meaningful results (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (sleep efficiency), Likert scale (Hooper), Likert scale (no reference), Liverpool Jet-Lag Questionnaire, Liverpool Jet-Lag Questionnaire (sleep rating) and RESTQ (sleep quality)). Conclusions: These data suggest that sleep efficiency using actigraphy, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Likert scale, Liverpool Jet-Lag Questionnaire and RESTQ are indicated to monitor sleep quality in team sport athletes

Energy Estimation of Cosmic Rays with the Engineering Radio Array of the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Auger Engineering Radio Array (AERA) is part of the Pierre Auger Observatory and is used to detect the radio emission of cosmic-ray air showers. These observations are compared to the data of the surface detector stations of the Observatory, which provide well-calibrated information on the cosmic-ray energies and arrival directions. The response of the radio stations in the 30 to 80 MHz regime has been thoroughly calibrated to enable the reconstruction of the incoming electric field. For the latter, the energy deposit per area is determined from the radio pulses at each observer position and is interpolated using a two-dimensional function that takes into account signal asymmetries due to interference between the geomagnetic and charge-excess emission components. The spatial integral over the signal distribution gives a direct measurement of the energy transferred from the primary cosmic ray into radio emission in the AERA frequency range. We measure 15.8 MeV of radiation energy for a 1 EeV air shower arriving perpendicularly to the geomagnetic field. This radiation energy -- corrected for geometrical effects -- is used as a cosmic-ray energy estimator. Performing an absolute energy calibration against the surface-detector information, we observe that this radio-energy estimator scales quadratically with the cosmic-ray energy as expected for coherent emission. We find an energy resolution of the radio reconstruction of 22% for the data set and 17% for a high-quality subset containing only events with at least five radio stations with signal.Comment: Replaced with published version. Added journal reference and DO