Paul's Quotation of Isaiah 54.1 in Galatians 4.27

The importance of the quotation of Isa 54.1 in Gal 4.27 for understanding Paul's allegorical reading of the story of Sarah and Hagar (Gen 16-21) in Gal 4.21-5.1 has often been underestimated. Paul uses this quotation to give his interpretation of this story an eschatological dimension that, unlike the eschatology of Second Isaiah, is both profoundly christological and apocalyptic. © 2004 Cambridge University Press

The Meaning of the Phrase ta stoicheia tou kosmou in Galatians

This article seeks a fresh answer to the difficult question of the meaning of the phrase τα στoιχεια τoυ κoσμoυ in Gal 4.3. The answer is sought by paying close attention to (1) the argumentative context of Paul's use of the phrase in the letter (he posits some sort of equivalence between the veneration of τα στoιχεια τoυ κoσμoυ and the observance of the Law; he does so for contextually relevant theological and rhetorical reasons), and (2) the cultural-historical context of the addressees, the Gentile believers in Galatia (τα στoιχεια are 'the gods' they once venerated; this veneration involved calendrical observances). © 2007 Cambridge University Press

Bond Strength Tests Between Silicon Wafers and Duran Tubes (Fusion Bonded Fluidic Interconnects)

The fusion bond strength of glass tubes with standard silicon wafers is presented. Experiments with plain silicon wafers and those coated with silicon oxide and silicon nitride are presented. Results obtained are discussed in terms of homogeneity and strength of fusion bond. High pressure testing shows that the bond strength is large enough for most applications of fluidic interconnects. The bond strength for 525 /spl mu/m thick silicon with glass tubes having outer diameter of 6 mm and with wall thickness 2 mm, is more than 60 bars after annealing at a temperature of 800/spl deg/C