Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil: setting the baseline knowledge on the animal diversity in Brazil

The limited temporal completeness and taxonomic accuracy of species lists, made available in a traditional manner in scientific publications, has always represented a problem. These lists are invariably limited to a few taxonomic groups and do not represent up-to-date knowledge of all species and classifications. In this context, the Brazilian megadiverse fauna is no exception, and the Catálogo Taxonômico da Fauna do Brasil (CTFB) (http://fauna.jbrj.gov.br/), made public in 2015, represents a database on biodiversity anchored on a list of valid and expertly recognized scientific names of animals in Brazil. The CTFB is updated in near real time by a team of more than 800 specialists. By January 1, 2024, the CTFB compiled 133,691 nominal species, with 125,138 that were considered valid. Most of the valid species were arthropods (82.3%, with more than 102,000 species) and chordates (7.69%, with over 11,000 species). These taxa were followed by a cluster composed of Mollusca (3,567 species), Platyhelminthes (2,292 species), Annelida (1,833 species), and Nematoda (1,447 species). All remaining groups had less than 1,000 species reported in Brazil, with Cnidaria (831 species), Porifera (628 species), Rotifera (606 species), and Bryozoa (520 species) representing those with more than 500 species. Analysis of the CTFB database can facilitate and direct efforts towards the discovery of new species in Brazil, but it is also fundamental in providing the best available list of valid nominal species to users, including those in science, health, conservation efforts, and any initiative involving animals. The importance of the CTFB is evidenced by the elevated number of citations in the scientific literature in diverse areas of biology, law, anthropology, education, forensic science, and veterinary science, among others

Manual de técnicas em biologia molecular

Este manual surgiu a partir da necessidade de os alunos terem um material que associasse a prática à teoria em relação aos ensaios e funções de reagentes e soluções usadas na biologia molecular. Aborda temas essenciais para aqueles que atuam nesse tipo de laboratório, tais como as regras básicas de biossegurança, os tipos de materiais e equipamentos utilizados, e ainda técnicas básicas na área, como a reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) e suas variações. Redigido de forma clara e simples, facilita o entendimento dos temas por alunos de graduação e de pós-graduação. O uso de ilustrações foi essencial para complementar e auxiliar o entendiment

Pré-resfriamento na redução de coliformes em carcaças de frango de corte

O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar a análise individual (plano de duas classes) e a análise por lotes (plano de três classes), priorizado pelo plano amostragem oficial da ANVISA, na influência do pré-resfriamento de carcaças de frangos de corte na redução da contaminação por coliformes termotolerantes. Foram analisadas 240 carcaças de frangos de corte, sendo coletadas 120 amostras antes e 120 após a etapa de pré-resfriamento, para quantificação de coliformes termotolerantes pela técnica de contagem em placas. As médias das contagens obtidas das carcaças coletadas antes e após o pré-resfriamento foram diferentes, com uma redução média de 0,99log10 UFC g-1 de coliformes termotolerantes. Na interpretação dos resultados obtidos antes do pré-resfriamento pela análise individual, 16,7% (20/120) das carcaças foram classificadas como inaceitáveis, enquanto, pela análise por lotes, foram 37,5% (45/120). Houve associação entre a aceitabilidade dos lotes e a passagem pelo chiller com um valor de Odds Ratio de 35,48. Ficou demonstrada a importância da utilização do plano de análise por lotes e da etapa de pré-resfriamento no processo de produção, sendo decisivos para a aceitação dos lotes de carcaças de aves para comercialização pelos parâmetros vigentes na legislação nacional

Detecção de resistência às fluoroquinolonas através da mutação no gene gyrA em Campylobacter spp. isolados de frangos de corte e galinhas (Gallus gallus domesticus) poedeiras, no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Submitted by Alexandre Sousa ([email protected]) on 2015-11-04T13:39:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Cienc_Rural_45_2013-2018.pdf: 374912 bytes, checksum: 611620a954de182ced0f94f87bda0f86 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Alexandre Sousa ([email protected]) on 2015-11-04T13:42:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Cienc_Rural_45_2013-2018.pdf: 374912 bytes, checksum: 611620a954de182ced0f94f87bda0f86 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Alexandre Sousa ([email protected]) on 2015-11-04T14:01:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Cienc_Rural_45_2013-2018.pdf: 374912 bytes, checksum: 611620a954de182ced0f94f87bda0f86 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2015-11-04T14:01:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cienc_Rural_45_2013-2018.pdf: 374912 bytes, checksum: 611620a954de182ced0f94f87bda0f86 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015Universidade Federal Fluminense. Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos. Niterói, RJ, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde. Departamento de Química. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto Biomédico. Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia. Niterói, RJ, Brasil.Universidade Federal Fluminense. Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos. Niterói, RJ, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde. Departamento de Química. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Universidade Federal Fluminense. Departamento de Saúde Coletiva Veterinária e Saúde Pública. Niterói, RJ, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde. Departamento de Química. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Universidade Federal Fluminense. Departamento de Saúde Coletiva Veterinária e Saúde Pública. Niterói, RJ, Brasil.As aves são consideradas o principal reservatório de Campylobacter spp., um importante patógeno para humanos e muitos estudos têm relatado uma rápida seleção de cepas resistentes às fluoroquinolonas após o uso destes antimicrobianos na produção avícola e na medicina humana. O principal mecanismo de resistência às fluoroquinolonas em Campylobacter consiste na mutação na Região Determinantes de Resistência às Quinolonas (RDRQ) do gene gyrA, que codifica para a subunidade A da enzima DNA girase, alvo das fluoroquinolonas. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a mutação na RDRQ do gene gyrA em cepas de Campylobacter previamente isolados de carcaças de frangos de corte e fezes de galinhas poedeiras. Foram selecionadas 38 cepas de C. jejunie 19 cepas de C. coli(n=57), previamente caracterizadas como resistentes à ciprofloxacina e enrofloxacina, pelo método da difusão em disco e pela determinação da concentração inibitória mínima. Para detecção da mutação, foi utilizado sequenciamento direto de um fragmento de 454pb da RDRQ do gene gyrA gerado por PCR. Todas as cepas apresentaram a mutação na RDRQ do gene gyrA no códon 86 (Tre-86-Ile), que confere resistência às fluoroquinolonas e outras mutações silenciosas foram observadas. A caracterização genotípica da resistência às fluoroquinolonas em Campylobacter confirmou a prévia detecção fenotípica dessa resistência e a mutação Tre-86-Ile foi observada na totalidade das amostras, comprovando ser esta a mutação predominante em cepas de C. jejunie C. coli resistentes à enrofloxacina e ciprofloxacina.Poultry are considered to be the main reservoir of Campylobacter spp. bacteria, an important pathogen for humans. Many studies have reported a rapid selection of fluoroquinolone-resistant strains following the widespread use of these antimicrobials in poultry production and human medicine. The main mechanism of fluoroquinolone resistance in Campylobacter is a mutation in the Quinolone Resistance Determinant Region (QRDR) in the gyrA gene, which codes for the subunit of the enzyme DNA gyrase, the target for fluoroquinolone. The aim of this study was to investigate the mutation in QRDR in the gyrA gene of Campylobacter strains previously isolated from broiler carcasses and feces of laying hens. Thirty-eight strains of C. jejuni and 19 C. coli strains (n=57), previously characterized as resistant to ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin by the disk diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), were selected. For detection of the mutation, a fragment of 454pb QRDR in the gyrA gene was used for direct sequencing. All strains presented the QRDR mutation in the gyrA gene at codon 86 (Thr-86-Ile), which confers resistance to fluoroquinolones. Other known silent mutations were observed. This genotypic characterization of fluoroquinolone resistance in Campylobacter strains has confirmed the prior phenotypic detection of the resistance. The Thr-86-Ile mutation was observed in all samples confirming that this is the predominant mutation in enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin resistant strains of C. jejuni and C. coli

Mycoplasma gallinarum in laying hens with respiratory disease

ABSTRACT. Silva C.C., Brandão M.D.M., Nascimento E.R., Almeida J.F., Abreu D.L.C., Barreto M.L., Soares M.V., Machado L.S. & Pereira V.L.A. [Mycoplasma gallinarum in laying hens with respiratory disease.] Mycoplasma gallinarum em galinhas poedeiras com doença respiratória. Revista Brasileira de Medicina Veterinária, 36(4):347-350, 2014. Curso de Pós-Graduação de Higiene Veteriná- ria e Processamento Tecnológico de Produtos de Origem Animal, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Vital Brasil Filho, 64, Vital Brazil, Niterói, RJ 25230-340, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected] Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), M. synoviae (MS) and M. meleagridis (MM) are recognized as pathogens of indisputable concern for the Poultry Industry. These species of mycoplasms are often related to apparent or subclinical infection, causing acute or chronic disease in hens, turkeys and other birds. M. gallinarum has been considered a commensal microrganism. This case report describes the diagnosis M. gallinarum in an outbreak of respiratory disease in laying hens. It was analyzed a total of 25 birds from four flocks in two farms from Rio de Janeiro state, Brazil. The hens showed a similar clinical picture, with respiratory signs, increased mortality and decreased egg production. Necropsies were performed in some birds after euthanasia by atlanto-occipital dislocation. Gross lesions of conjunctivitis, tracheitis, aerossacculitis, perihepatitis and peritonitis were observed. In two of the flocks, the hens had also cyanosis and hepatic lesions. Tracheal swabs were collected, for PCR and isolation of mycoplasmas. For PCR, DNA extraction was done by phenol/chloroform method and generic primers for Mycoplasma spp. and specific primers for MG, MS and M. gallinarum were used A total of 25 isolates positive for Mycoplasma spp. and negative for MG and MS were subjected to growth in liquid and solid Frey´s media and seven were typing by immunoperoxidase as M. gallinarum. These isolates were confirmed as M. gallinarum by PCR specific. The absence of MG and MS and the detection of M. gallinarum in hens studied, suggested that the clinical manifestations and the lesions observed, could be related to this agent. Consequently, further evaluate of this M. gallinarum strain pathogenicity is needed

Epidemiological and Cytokine Profile of Patients with Pulmonary and Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis in a Population of the Brazilian Amazon

Several factors are associated with the development of different clinical forms of tuberculosis (TB). The present study evaluated epidemiological variables and cytokine levels in samples from 89 patients with TB (75 with pulmonary TB and 14 with extrapulmonary TB) and 45 controls. Cytokines were measured by flow cytometry (Human Th1/Th2/Th17 Cytometric Bead Array kit). The TB group had a higher frequency of individuals who were 39 years of age or older, married, with primary education or illiterate and had a lower family income (p < 0.05). All individuals with extrapulmonary TB reported that they were not working, and the main reasons were related to disease symptoms or treatment. The levels of IFN-γ (OR = 4.06) and IL-4 (OR = 2.62) were more likely to be elevated in the TB group (p = 0.05), and IFN-γ levels were lower in patients with extrapulmonary TB compared to those with pulmonary TB (OR = 0.11; p = 0.0050). The ROC curve was applied to investigate the diagnostic accuracy of IFN-γ levels between the different clinical forms of tuberculosis, resulting in high AUC (0.8661; p < 0.0001), sensitivity (93.85%) and specificity median (65.90%), suggesting that IFN-γ levels are useful to differentiate pulmonary TB from extrapulmonary TB. The dysregulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels represent a risk for the development of TB and contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease, especially variation in IFN-γ levels, which may determine protection or risk for extrapulmonary TB

Epidemiological situation of avian mycoplamosis in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

ABSTRACT. Teixeira V.C.M., Baptista D.Q., Carlos F.C., Menezes W.R., José D.S., Barreto M.L., Abreu D.L.C., Pereira V.L.A. & Nascimento E.R. [Epidemiological situation of avian mycoplamosis in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.] Situação epidemiológica da micoplasmose aviária no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Revista Brasileira de Medicina Veterinária, 37(4):379-385, 2015. Departamento de Saúde Coletiva Veterinária e Saúde Pública, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rua Vital Brasil, 64, Santa Rosa, Niterói, RJ 24320-340, Brasil. E-mail: [email protected] This study was conducted to characterize the Mycoplasmosis epidemiological situation in Rio de Janeiro State. The state was divided into three regions considered  significant in poultry production in the state and 252 samples of tracheal specimens were taken, using swabs dipped in 1.5ml of Frey medium and 2.5 ml of blood from 884 birds, in 47 flocks, from 11broiler chickens farms, 6 laying hens farms and 1 broiler breeders farm, of which were evaluated 334 broilers, 205 laying hens and 345 broilers breeders. The serums were subjected to Rapid Serum Agglutination  (RSA) and ELISA for detection of antibodies against Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and M. synoviae (MS) and the swabs used in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for those agents detection. Were obtained by SAR for MG and MS in the 884 birds studied, frequencies of 14.25% (126/884) and 13.68% (121/884), respectively. By ELISA, were btained 16.17% (143/884) for MG and 15.61% (138/884) for MS. According to the type of production, it was found in broilers chickens by SAR, 11.37% (38/334) for MG and 9.5% (32/334) for MS and in the ELISA, 9.28% (31/334) for MG and 9.88% (33/334) for MS. In laying chickens, the frequency of positive birds by SAR for MG and MS were in an amount of 42.92% (88/205) and 43.41% (89/205), respectively, and by ELISA, 54.63% (112/205) for MG and 49.75% (102/205) for MS. The broiler breeders shown to be negative for MG by SAR and by ELISA, but for MS, 0.86% (2/345) were positive only by ELISA. When comparing the frequencies for MG and MS in the flocks studied, by SAR, was obtained a total of positivity of 55.31% (26/47) for MG and 63.82% (30/47) for MS, and by ELISA, 51.06% (24/47) and 68.08% (32/47), respectively. For each type of production, was obtained for the broilers chickens a positivity to the SAR of 40% (10/25) for MG e 56% (14/25) for MS; and to the ELISA, 28% (7/25) e 60% (15/25) for MG and MS, respectively. In laying chickens was obtained values of 80% (16/20) for the MG and MS by SAR, whereas by ELISA, was obtained 85% (17/20) for MG and 75% (15/20) for MS. In breeders, by ELISA both two flocks studied were positive only for MS. By PCR, the total of positivity for MG and MS were in an amount of 1.19% (3/252) and 9.92% (25/252), respectively. For each type of production, were obtained 0.78% (1/127) of positive for MS in broilers chickens. In laying hens chickens, the results were 2.6% (3/115) positive for MG and 20.86% (24/115) for MS. About the broiler breeders, there was no positivity by PCR. The frequency of positives for MG and MS, by PCR, in the total of the flocks studied were, respectively, 2.12% (1/47) and 21.27% (10/47). By type of production, were not found positive flocks for MG, however, for MS was obtained 4% (1/25) in the broilers. In laying chickens, it was verified  that 5% (1/20) of the flocks were positive for MG and 45% (9/20) for MS. All flocks of broiler breeders were negative for MG and MS. Higher prevalence for MS were detected in the layeing hens farms than in the broilers farms and breeders farm, such as by serology as by PCR. The prevalence of MG was higher in broilers chickens than in broilers breeders. There was high positivity in laying hens, whose data was not considered because included vaccinated chickens. There were differences in the results obtained for the broilers flocks and laying hens flocks and in the positivity among the flocks, which can be attributed to differences in farm building and structures, in the ambience and manger inherent to each type of production. In this research for MG and MS in poultry production, was obtained higher frequency of positive by ELISA than by SAR, with a low agreement between the tests

Perfil de sensibilidade antimicrobiana e detecção do gene ISS pela reação em cadeia da polimerase na tipificação de Escherichia coli patogênica em codornas de corte sob inspeção sanitária Profile of antimicrobial resistance and detection of iss gene by the polymerase chain reaction in the typification of pathogenic Escherichia coli in meat type quails under sanitary inspection

A patogenicidade das cepas de Escherichia coli está relacionada à expressão de fatores de virulência encontrados em elementos genéticos denominados plasmídios. O patotipo APEC, responsável por diferentes tipos de doenças em aves, pode apresentar o gene iss que aumenta a resistência das cepas de E. coli aos efeitos líticos do soro, além da resistência a diversos antimicrobianos. Este estudo foi conduzido para detectar E. coli em traquéias de codornas destinadas ao abate e avaliar, pela presença do gene iss e o perfil de susceptibilidade antimicrobiana, o potencial patogênico para aves e humanos dos isolados obtidos. Foram coletadas 180 traquéias de codornas para detecção de E. coli, determinação do perfil de resistência a agentes antimicrobianos e posterior detecção, por reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR), do gene iss. Das traquéias analisadas, 8,9 % (16/180) foram positivas para E. coli, sendo obtidos 20 isolados deste agente. A maioria dos isolados foi resistente à Tetraciclina (16/20), seguida pela Ceftazidima (13/20) e Ácido Nalidíxico (12/20), sendo apenas um resistente à Amoxicilina. A detecção do gene iss ocorreu em 55% (11/20) dos isolados. A presença do gene iss e a resistência a múltiplos antimicrobianos dos isolados obtidos neste estudo pode indicar um possível potencial patogênico das cepas de E. coli tanto para codornas quanto para outros tipos de aves e animais e mesmo para o ser humano que fique em contato com as mesmas.<br>The pathogenicity of Escherichia coli strains is partially related to the expression of virulence factors genes, present in genetic elements called plasmids. APEC strains responsible for diseases in birds may present the iss gene which increases the resistance of E. coli strains to the lityc effect of the host's serum, besides resistance to several antimicrobials. This study was conduced in order to detect E. coli in tracheae of meat-type quails and to evaluate, by the presence of the iss gene and the profile of antimicrobial susceptibility, the pathogenic potential of the isolated samples for birds and humans. One hundred and eighty tracheae of quails were collected for detection of E. coli, antimicrobial sensitivity tests, and for polymerase chain reaction (PCR), for detection of iss gene. From the examined quails, 8.9 % (16/180) were positive for E. coli, from which 20 strains of this bacterium were obtained. Most of them were resistant to Tetracycline (16/20), followed by Ceftadizime (13/20) and Nalidixic-acid (12/20) and only one isolate was resistant to Amoxicillin. The detection of iss gene occurred in 55% (11/20) of the isolates, indicating that these strains had the potential to be pathogenic not only for quails, but also for other kinds of birds, other animals and even human beings that would be in contact with these E. coli isolates

Characterisation of microbial attack on archaeological bone

As part of an EU funded project to investigate the factors influencing bone preservation in the archaeological record, more than 250 bones from 41 archaeological sites in five countries spanning four climatic regions were studied for diagenetic alteration. Sites were selected to cover a range of environmental conditions and archaeological contexts. Microscopic and physical (mercury intrusion porosimetry) analyses of these bones revealed that the majority (68%) had suffered microbial attack. Furthermore, significant differences were found between animal and human bone in both the state of preservation and the type of microbial attack present. These differences in preservation might result from differences in early taphonomy of the bones. © 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved