Merging GPS Data with High Spatial Resolution Multispectral Imagery: An Urban Recreation Case Study

In 1992 a disc golf course was created by Alpha Phi Omega, Nu Sigma Chapter of Stephen F. Austin State University within Pecan Park in the c ity of Nacogdoches, Texas. Using constructs from Landscape Ecology, in cluding structure, function and change within a land mosaic provided the basis for establishment of the course. The addition of the disc golf cour se modified the use of the park promoting cultural cohesion among the disc golf enthusiasts. To aid the recreational enjoyment of golf participants, vector m aps of each fairway were created when the disc course was developed and loca ted at the start of each hole. In the fall of 2006, with the advent of hig h spatial resolution multispectral digital imagery, 6 inch spatial resolution multisp ectral imagery were used as a base map to create fine detail maps representing each disc golf basket and tee with GPS collected fairway data. A kiosk map rep resenting the entire course was created so each participant could orient thems elves prior to playing each round of disc golf. By incorporating high spatial resolution imagery with GPS collected fairway locations, and using spatial analysis to calculate the absolute distance from a golf tee to each respecti ve basket, we were able enhance the recreational and educational enjoyment of each golf participant

Pecan Park Disc Golf Course: A Visual Interpretation Using HighSpatial Resolution Multispectral Imagery

To aid the visual interpretation of a disc golf course in Nacogdoches, Texas, a large format map representing the tee and basket location of each fairway collected with a Trimble GeoExplorer 3 GPS unit were overlaid on a high spatial resolution multi spectral imagery. Individual maps representing all 18 fairways were created and displayed with ground perspectives depicting a disc golf player\u27s visual perspective per selected tees

The Role of Legal Services in the Antipoverty Program

Large-scale adaptive radiations might explain the runaway success of a minority of extant vertebrate clades. This hypothesis predicts, among other things, rapid rates of morphological evolution during the early history of major groups, as lineages invade disparate ecological niches. However, few studies of adaptive radiation have included deep time data, so the links between extant diversity and major extinct radiations are unclear. The intensively studied Mesozoic dinosaur record provides a model system for such investigation, representing an ecologically diverse group that dominated terrestrial ecosystems for 170 million years. Furthermore, with 10,000 species, extant dinosaurs (birds) are the most speciose living tetrapod clade. We assembled composite trees of 614-622 Mesozoic dinosaurs/birds, and a comprehensive body mass dataset using the scaling relationship of limb bone robustness. Maximum-likelihood modelling and the node height test reveal rapid evolutionary rates and a predominance of rapid shifts among size classes in early (Triassic) dinosaurs. This indicates an early burst niche-filling pattern and contrasts with previous studies that favoured gradualistic rates. Subsequently, rates declined in most lineages, which rarely exploited new ecological niches. However, feathered maniraptoran dinosaurs (including Mesozoic birds) sustained rapid evolution from at least the Middle Jurassic, suggesting that these taxa evaded the effects of niche saturation. This indicates that a long evolutionary history of continuing ecological innovation paved the way for a second great radiation of dinosaurs, in birds. We therefore demonstrate links between the predominantly extinct deep time adaptive radiation of non-avian dinosaurs and the phenomenal diversification of birds, via continuing rapid rates of evolution along the phylogenetic stem lineage. This raises the possibility that the uneven distribution of biodiversity results not just from large-scale extrapolation of the process of adaptive radiation in a few extant clades, but also from the maintenance of evolvability on vast time scales across the history of life, in key lineages

Quantum Nature of Light Measured With a Single Detector

We realized the most fundamental quantum optical experiment to prove the non-classical character of light: Only a single quantum emitter and a single superconducting nanowire detector were used. A particular appeal of our experiment is its elegance and simplicity. Yet its results unambiguously enforce a quantum theory for light. Previous experiments relied on more complex setups, such as the Hanbury-Brown-Twiss configuration, where a beam splitter directs light to two photodetectors, giving the false impression that the beam splitter is required. Our work results in a major simplification of the widely used photon-correlation techniques with applications ranging from quantum information processing to single-molecule detection.Comment: 7 page

Comparative secretome analysis suggests low plant cell wall degrading capacity in Frankia symbionts

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p><it>Frankia </it>sp. strains, the nitrogen-fixing facultative endosymbionts of actinorhizal plants, have long been proposed to secrete hydrolytic enzymes such as cellulases, pectinases, and proteases that may contribute to plant root penetration and formation of symbiotic root nodules. These or other secreted proteins might logically be involved in the as yet unknown molecular interactions between <it>Frankia </it>and their host plants. We compared the genome-based secretomes of three <it>Frankia </it>strains representing diverse host specificities. Signal peptide detection algorithms were used to predict the individual secretomes of each strain, and the set of secreted proteins shared among the strains, termed the core <it>Frankia </it>secretome. Proteins in the core secretome may be involved in the actinorhizal symbiosis.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The <it>Frankia </it>genomes have conserved Sec (general secretory) and Tat (twin arginine translocase) secretion systems. The potential secretome of each <it>Frankia </it>strain comprised 4–5% of the total proteome, a lower percentage than that found in the genomes of other actinobacteria, legume endosymbionts, and plant pathogens. Hydrolytic enzymes made up only a small fraction of the total number of predicted secreted proteins in each strain. Surprisingly, polysaccharide-degrading enzymes were few in number, especially in strain CcI3, with more esterolytic, lipolytic and proteolytic enzymes having signal peptides. A total of 161 orthologous proteins belong to the core <it>Frankia </it>secretome. Of these, 52 also lack homologs in closely related actinobacteria, and are termed "<it>Frankia-</it>specific." The genes encoding these conserved secreted proteins are often clustered near secretion machinery genes.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The predicted secretomes of <it>Frankia </it>sp. are relatively small and include few hydrolases, which could reflect adaptation to a symbiotic lifestyle. There are no well-conserved secreted polysaccharide-degrading enzymes present in all three <it>Frankia </it>genomes, suggesting that plant cell wall polysaccharide degradation may not be crucial to root infection, or that this degradation varies among strains. We hypothesize that the relative lack of secreted polysaccharide-degrading enzymes in <it>Frankia </it>reflects a strategy used by these bacteria to avoid eliciting host defense responses. The esterases, lipases, and proteases found in the core <it>Frankia </it>secretome might facilitate hyphal penetration through the cell wall, release carbon sources, or modify chemical signals. The core secretome also includes extracellular solute-binding proteins and <it>Frankia</it>-specific hypothetical proteins that may enable the actinorhizal symbiosis.</p

A Chandra study of the large-scale shock and cool filaments in Hydra A: Evidence for substantial gas dredge-up by the central outburst

We present the results of a Chandra study of the Hydra A galaxy cluster, where a powerful AGN outburst created a large-scale cocoon shock. We investigated possible azimuthal variations in shock strength and shape, finding indications for a weak shock with a Mach number in the range ~1.2-1.3. We measured the temperature change across the shock front. However, the detection of a temperature rise in the regions immediately inside of the front is complicated by the underlying temperature profile of the cluster atmosphere. We measured the global temperature profile of the cluster up to 700 kpc, which represents the farthest measurement obtained with Chandra for this cluster. A "plateau" in the temperature profile in the range ~70-150 kpc indicates the presence of cool gas, which is likely the result of uplift of material by the AGN outburst. After masking the cool filaments visible in the hardness ratio map, the plateau disappears and the temperature profile recovers a typical shape with a peak around 190 kpc, just inside the shock front. However, it is unlikely that such a temperature feature is produced by the shock as it is consistent with the general shape of the temperature profiles observed for relaxed galaxy clusters. We studied the spectral properties of the cool filaments finding evidence that ~10^11 M_sun of low-entropy material has been dredged up by the rising lobes from the central 30 kpc to the observed current position of 75-150 kpc. The energy required to lift the cool gas is >~2.2 x 10^60 erg, which is comparable to the work required to inflate the cavities and is ~25% of the total energy of the large-scale shock. Our results show that the AGN feedback in Hydra A is acting not only by directly heating the gas, but also by removing a substantial amount of potential fuel for the SMBH.Comment: 11 pages, 9 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ (version with full resolution figures available at http://www.bo.astro.it/~myriam/files/papers/gitti-hydra.pdf

Electrochemical and mechanical polishing and shaping method and system

A method and system are provided for the shaping and polishing of the surface of a material selected from the group consisting of electrically semi-conductive materials and conductive materials. An electrically non-conductive polishing lap incorporates a conductive electrode such that, when the polishing lap is placed on the material's surface, the electrode is placed in spaced-apart juxtaposition with respect to the material's surface. A liquid electrolyte is disposed between the material's surface and the electrode. The electrolyte has an electrochemical stability constant such that cathodic material deposition on the electrode is not supported when a current flows through the electrode, the electrolyte and the material. As the polishing lap and the material surface experience relative movement, current flows through the electrode based on (i) adherence to Faraday's Law, and (ii) a pre-processing profile of the surface and a desired post-processing profile of the surface

Climate change adaptation, flood risks and policy coherence in integrated water resources management in England

Integrated water resources management (IWRM) assumes coherence between cognate aspects of water governance at the river basin scale, for example water quality, energy production and agriculture objectives. But critics argue that IWRM is often less ‘integrated’ in practice, raising concerns over inter-sectoral coherence between implementing institutions. One increasingly significant aspect of IWRM is adaptation to climate change-related risks, including threats from flooding, which are particularly salient in England. Although multiple institutional mechanisms exist for flood risk management (FRM), their coherence remains a critical question for national adaptation. This paper therefore (1) maps the multi-level institutional frameworks determining both IWRM and FRM in England; (2) examines their interaction via various inter-institutional coordinating mechanisms; and (3) assesses the degree of coherence. The analysis suggests that cognate EU strategic objectives for flood risk assessment demonstrate relatively high vertical and horizontal coherence with river basin planning. However, there is less coherence with flood risk requirements for land-use planning and national flood protection objectives. Overall, this complex governance arrangement actually demonstrates de-coherence over time due to ongoing institutional fragmentation. Recommendations for increasing IWRM coherence in England or re-coherence based on greater spatial planning and coordination of water-use and land-use strategies are proposed

Early twentieth-century Vogue, George Wolfe Plank and the "Freaks of Mayfair"

Vogue was one of the most influential fashion magazines of the twentieth century. In the 1920s its British edition, launched in 1916, became a focus for various forms of queer visual and cultural expression. The origins of the related ‘amusing style’, which delighted in camp display, can be traced to the romantic and artistic collaboration between the American artist George Wolfe Plank and the British writer E. F. Benson during World War One. The illustrations that Plank produced for Benson’s book of satirical sketches of life in London’s high society, The Freaks of Mayfair (1916), shed light on the camp images that Plank designed for the covers of both the American and British editions of the magazine. Therefore, Plank can be understood to have played a key role in the development of queer visual culture during the early twentieth century