‘All the places we were not supposed to go’:a case study of formative class and gender habitus in adventure climbing

This paper explores the origins of meaning in adventurous activities. Specifically, the paper reports on a study of 10 adventure climbers in the Scottish mountaineering community. The study explores how formative experiences have influenced engagement in adventure climbing. Work has been done on the phenomenology of adventure and how individuals interpret and find meaning in the activity—this paper goes a step further and asks where do these dispositions come from? Using Bourdieu’s ideas of field, habitus and forms of capital to frame these experiences in the wider social environment, early experiences are identified that, for the subjects of this study, provide a framework for their later adoption of the ‘adventure habitus’. Among these influences are mainstream education, adventure education in particular, as well as broader formative experiences relating to factors such as gender and class. In addition, the study suggests that accounts differ between males and females in terms of their attitudes and dispositions towards adventure. This may relate to their respective experiences as well as expanding opportunities for both males and females. However, while the ‘adventure field’ provides a context where women can develop transformative identities, these are nearly always subject to male validation

EQUALIZATION ASPECTS OF FEDERAL AID TO EDUCATION: THE DISTRICT PERSPECTIVE

Public Economics,

Circumstantial Disconnection: Homelessness and Parental Relationships with Children

This article looks at homeless individuals to see how they think their residential situation affects their relationship with their non-homeless children. Using a survey of 75 homeless parents in Houston, Texas this analysis finds that homeless parents of non-homeless children believe that their living situation has a detrimental impact on their relationship with their children. While many respondents felt that they had a good relationship with their children the chances of maintaining a good relationship were less for respondents with adult children than minor children. While a majority of respondents with children felt that finding housing stability would help their relationship with their children, those with minority children were more optimistic that finding a permanent home would help them improve their parent-child relationship than those with older children

‘You don't understand us!’ An inside perspective on adventure climbing

This paper presents a specific (insider) perspective of a small group of experienced male Scottish adventure climbers and explores through in-depth semi-structured interviews their attitudes, strategies and justifications associated with potentially high-risk climbing situations. Attention is paid to how participants feel that they are represented and viewed by others (outsiders) who do not participate in mountaineering and climbing activities. Climbers identify the significance of media, commercial and social representations of them as risk takers. The analysis explores risk as being socially constructed, with the associated assumptions being embedded in particular discourses. Climbers present themselves as rational managers of risk and provide examples of their risk-management strategies, with such characterizations being central to their identity as climbers

NATURAL RESOURCE SUPPLY CONSTRAINTS AND REGIONAL ECONOMIC ANALYSIS: A COMPUTABLE GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM APPROACH

A computable general equilibrium model is used to estimate the impact a resource supply constraint, that restricts federal timber harvest, has on a timber dependent region. Impacts are compared to impacts generated from an input-output mode and indicate an upward bias in estimated income and employment losses using IO methods.Resource /Energy Economics and Policy,

An Economic Impact Analysis of the Nursery and Landscaping Industry in Washington State

This study shows the economic impact of the Washington State Nursery, Plant Materials and Landscaping industries on the Washington State economy. The analysis in this paper is based on 2002 Census of Agriculture and Census of Industry data, up-dated to 2005 and integrated into an IMPLAN based input-output (IO) model. The economic impact measured in this study relates only to Green Industry production and distribution sourced in the State of Washington. That is, the source of the product or service is firms located in Washington. Measured in 2002 dollars, the economic (direct and indirect) impact of the Green Industry in Washington is estimated to be $2.48 billion in sales and over 43,000 jobs. This report is organized as follows: In section 1, we give a brief overview of the study. In section 2, we present a brief literature review of other state studies made on Green Industry and their estimated economic impact. In section 3, we summarize the overall structure of Green Industry. In section 4 we discuss the research methodology. In section 5 we review the economic impact of Green Industry on the Washington economy as measured in our study, and section 6 concludes.green industry, regional economic impact, input-output analysis

Changes in the Functional Distribution of Household Income in Washington: A Comparison using 1990 and 2000 PUMS Census Data

This paper examines and details the main sources of household income in Washington using the Census of Population PUMS microsample. In accord with the generally good economy in the 1990’s, the share of property type income in total household income increased from 1990 to 2000. And with welfare reform in the mid-1990’s the share of public assistance type income decreased as a share of household income. In order to better understand the relative importance of alternative sources of income to Washington households, each household was identified according to the income source which provided the largest contribution to household income. For example, a household whose largest source of income comes from salary and wages was identified as a Labor household. Similarly, households whose largest source of income was interest, dividends or net rentals were identified as Capital households. Labor and capital households are not very different in terms of mean household income. In 2000, average household income of Labor households was $65,300 while the average household income of Capital households was$96,200. However, Labor households were very different than Capital household regarding diversification of income source. Labor households depended upon wage income for 92 percent of mean household income. Capital households obtained 70 percent of their mean household income from interest, dividends and rents, but also had 11 percent of their mean income from wages and 15 percent of their mean income from social security and pensions.Sources of household income in washington, labor's share of income, capital's share of income

The Economic Impact of a Possible Irrigation-Water Shortage in Odessa Sub-Basin: Potato Production & Processing

The Columbia Basin Project (CBP) was one of the single largest projects undertaken by the Bureau of Reclamation. The venture, which started in the 1930s in Central Washington, did not entirely turn out as expected. In fact, almost half of the proposed irrigable area, located mainly in the northeastern portion of the original plan, doesn’t have any water supply from the project for irrigation purposes. The Odessa Sub-area is one of those areas. The land in this area is fertile and produces very high quality potatoes. Over the last couple of decades, potato production in this Odessa sub-region has been possible primarily because of irrigation based on deep wells. However, the underground water is drawing down and potato production may shut down as a result. Therefore, an economic threat on the economy of the Columbia Basin is in the offing, unless alternative water sources are negotiated. In this paper, we will mainly explore the regional economic impacts of the possible losses of potato production and its associated processing in the Odessa Sub-area. In section A, we briefly discuss the current status of the Columbia Basin Project. In section B, we discuss ground water level decline issues. In section C, we enumerate the economic impacts of the possible losses in potato production in the Odessa Sub-area and associated loss of potato processing. Summary and conclusions are in the final section.potato production, potato processing, regional economic impact, input-output models

Assessing the Economic Impact of an Agricultural Export Shock on the Washington Economy: A Tale of Two Models

The results of an economic impact analysis with a regional input-output (IO) model are compared with results from a regional computable general equilibrium CGE) model. The I0 model embodies a number of restrictive assumptions. These assumptions are consistent with the long run equilibrium of the economy where there is no capacity constraint for production, fixed coefficients in production, and no price changes or due to Leontief technology, and fixed input prices. For all of these reasons input-output results are often viewed as over estimates of regional supply response given the lack of effective regional supply constraints. In this situation, regional CGE models serve as a better alternative because of their flexibility to mimic various technology and factor market condition characteristic of real world regional economies. In this study we summarize the results of an assumed export shock on Washington economy under an input-output model and under a regional CGE model. Further, we simulate our CGE model under various factor market constraints and behaviors. We show that contrary to the conventional wisdom, the positive secondary impacts of increasing agricultural exports are usually actually larger with a regional CGE model than estimates of secondary impacts of the same shock estimated with a regional IO model.The Washington CGE model, the Washington IO model, comparing estimated economic impacts with regional CGE and IO models.

The Economic Impact of a Possible Irrigation-Water Shortage in Odessa Sub-Basin of Adams and Lincoln Counties

The Columbia Basin Project (CBP) was one of the single largest projects undertaken by the Bureau of Reclamation. The venture, which started in the 1930s in Central Washington, did not entirely turn out as expected. In fact, almost half of the proposed irrigable area, located mainly in the north eastern portion of the original plan, doesn’t have any water supply from the project for irrigation purposes. The Odessa Sub-area is one of those areas. The land in this area is fertile and produces very high quality potatoes. Over the last couple of decades, production in this Odessa sub-region has been possible primarily because of irrigation based on deep wells. However, the underground water is drawing down and crop production may shut down as a result. Therefore, an economic threat on the economy of the Columbia Basin is in the offing, unless alternative water sources are negotiated. In this paper, we will mainly explore the regional economic impacts of the possible production losses of crops produced in the Odessa Sub-area of Lincoln and Adams Counties. In Section A, we briefly discuss the current status of the Columbia Basin Project. In Section B, we discuss ground water level decline issues. In Section C, we enumerate the economic impacts of a possible reduction in crop production in Odessa Subregions of Adams and Lincoln Counties. Summary and conclusions are in the final section.Irrigation water shortage, Idessa sub-basin, Economic Impact,