Mapping geographical inequalities in childhood diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000–17 : analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Background Across low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), one in ten deaths in children younger than 5 years is attributable to diarrhoea. The substantial between-country variation in both diarrhoea incidence and mortality is attributable to interventions that protect children, prevent infection, and treat disease. Identifying subnational regions with the highest burden and mapping associated risk factors can aid in reducing preventable childhood diarrhoea. Methods We used Bayesian model-based geostatistics and a geolocated dataset comprising 15 072 746 children younger than 5 years from 466 surveys in 94 LMICs, in combination with findings of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017, to estimate posterior distributions of diarrhoea prevalence, incidence, and mortality from 2000 to 2017. From these data, we estimated the burden of diarrhoea at varying subnational levels (termed units) by spatially aggregating draws, and we investigated the drivers of subnational patterns by creating aggregated risk factor estimates. Findings The greatest declines in diarrhoeal mortality were seen in south and southeast Asia and South America, where 54·0% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 38·1–65·8), 17·4% (7·7–28·4), and 59·5% (34·2–86·9) of units, respectively, recorded decreases in deaths from diarrhoea greater than 10%. Although children in much of Africa remain at high risk of death due to diarrhoea, regions with the most deaths were outside Africa, with the highest mortality units located in Pakistan. Indonesia showed the greatest within-country geographical inequality; some regions had mortality rates nearly four times the average country rate. Reductions in mortality were correlated to improvements in water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) or reductions in child growth failure (CGF). Similarly, most high-risk areas had poor WASH, high CGF, or low oral rehydration therapy coverage. Interpretation By co-analysing geospatial trends in diarrhoeal burden and its key risk factors, we could assess candidate drivers of subnational death reduction. Further, by doing a counterfactual analysis of the remaining disease burden using key risk factors, we identified potential intervention strategies for vulnerable populations. In view of the demands for limited resources in LMICs, accurately quantifying the burden of diarrhoea and its drivers is important for precision public health

Mapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017

A double burden of malnutrition occurs when individuals, household members or communities experience both undernutrition and overweight. Here, we show geospatial estimates of overweight and wasting prevalence among children under 5 years of age in 105 low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) from 2000 to 2017 and aggregate these to policy-relevant administrative units. Wasting decreased overall across LMICs between 2000 and 2017, from 8.4 (62.3 (55.1�70.8) million) to 6.4 (58.3 (47.6�70.7) million), but is predicted to remain above the World Health Organization�s Global Nutrition Target of <5 in over half of LMICs by 2025. Prevalence of overweight increased from 5.2 (30 (22.8�38.5) million) in 2000 to 6.0 (55.5 (44.8�67.9) million) children aged under 5 years in 2017. Areas most affected by double burden of malnutrition were located in Indonesia, Thailand, southeastern China, Botswana, Cameroon and central Nigeria. Our estimates provide a new perspective to researchers, policy makers and public health agencies in their efforts to address this global childhood syndemic. © 2020, The Author(s)

Author Correction: Mapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017 (Nature Medicine, (2020), 26, 5, (750-759), 10.1038/s41591-020-0807-6)

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper. © 2020, The Author(s)

Author Correction: Mapping local patterns of childhood overweight and wasting in low- and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2017 (Nature Medicine, (2020), 26, 5, (750-759), 10.1038/s41591-020-0807-6)

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper. © 2020, The Author(s)

Надширокосмугова (26-70 ГГц) мікросмугова патч-антена для додатків мобільного зв’язку 5G

У статті запропонована розробув нової широкосмугової монопольна антена розроблена для роботи в діапазоні частот міліметрових хвиль (ммВт) із смугою пропускання опору 26-70 ГГц для програм бездротового зв’язку 5G. Перш за все, звичайна антена розроблена на повній землі, потім вона розроблена на частковій поверхні з розміром 5 мм x 10 мм, але обидві конструкції не досягли смуги пропускання 50 ГГц-55 ГГц. Звичайна антена – це проста прямокутна антена з компактним розміром 5 мм x 6,5 мм Для створення широкосмугової ширини 26-70 ГГц запропонована антена розроблена. Конструкція складається з прямокутної патч-антени з технікою обрізання країв (роблення прорізів у куті патча) та розміщеної на частковій площині заземлення. для покращеного узгодження імпедансу. Запропонована мікросмужкова антена (пропонована антена) була розроблена та перевірена на підкладці Rogers RT5880 з розмірами 10 мм x 10 мм з діелектричною проникністю 2,2, тангенсом втрат 0,0009 і товщиною 1,57 мм за допомогою програмного забезпечення інструменту комп’ютерного моделювання (CST) 2019. Результати показують, що антена демонструє зворотні втрати нижче – 10 дБ у діапазоні від 26-70 ГГц і резонувала на кількох частотах 29; 32,8; 42; 47; 56,6 і 66 ГГц. Підсилення змінюється від 6 до 11,9 дБ з максимальним отриманим значенням на частоті 70 ГГц, антена демонструє широку діаграму спрямованості на обох резонансних частотах 32,8 і 56,6 ГГц, а реалізоване посилення становить 7,24 дБ та 8,72 дБ на обох частотах відповідно, отже, змодельовані результати зворотних втрат, посилення, Діаграма спрямованості випромінювання та реалізоване посилення показують здатність суперширокосмугової антени відповідати додаткам 5G ммВт.In this paper, a novel wide band monopole antenna is designed to operate at the millimetric wave (mmW) frequency band with impedance bandwidth of 26-70 GHz for 5G wireless communication applications. First of all a conventional antenna is designed on full ground then it designed on partial ground with size 5mm x 10mm but both designs didn’t achieve bandwidth of 50 GHz-55 GHz, The conventional antenna is a simple rectangular patch antenna with compact size 5 mm x 6.5 mm. In order to generate the wideband width of 26-70 GHz a proposed antenna is designed. The design composed of rectangular patch antenna with edgecut technique (making slots at the corner of the patch) and introduced on partial ground plane for an improved impedance matching. The suggested microstrip antenna (proposed antenna) has been designed and examined on Rogers RT5880 substrate with dimensions 10 mm x 10 mm with dielectric constant 2.2, loss tangent 0.0009 and thickness of 1.57 mm using computer simulation tool (CST) software 2019. The results reveal that the antenna shows a return loss under – 10 dB over a range from 26-70 GHz and resonated at multiple frequencies 29 GHz, 32.8 GHz, 42 GHz, 47 GHz, 56.6 GHz, and 66 GHz. The gain varies from 6 dBi to 11.9 dBi with maximum obtained value at the frequency of 70 GHz, the antenna exhibits a broadside radiation pattern at both resonant frequencies 32.8 GHz and 56.6 GHz and realized gain are 7.24 dBi and 8.72 dBi at both frequencies respectively therefore the simulated outcomes of return loss, gain , radiation pattern and realized gain show the ability of the super wideband antenna to suit 5G mmW applications

Structural characterization and electrical properties of nanostructured 4-tricyanovinyl-N,N-diethylaniline thin films

X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns indicated that the powder of 4-tricyanovinyl-N,Ndiethylaniline (TCVA) has a polycrystalline structure with triclinic crystal system. The scanning electron microscope of the as deposited TCVA thin film shows a nanocrystalline structure with crystallite size of 45–75 nm. The crystallite size increases by increasing film thickness and annealing temperatures. The dark electrical resistivity decreases with increasing film thickness. Such variations are a consequence of crystallite size effect on the electrical resistivity of the films. The conductivity of the films measured in air is high in comparison to those measured under vacuum by one order. The removal of the hydroxyl group states by evacuation decreased the electrical conductivity of TCVA films. The temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity of TCVA films shows that the conduction is through a thermally activated process having two conduction mechanisms. The average values of activation energies are 0.28 and 0.74 eV for extrinsic and intrinsic conduction mechanisms, respectively. H-O group adsorption is responsible for the extrinsic conduction in TCVA films

New polymorphism in the 5′ flanking region of IGF-1 gene and its association with wool traits in Egyptian Barki sheep

Insulin-like growth factor-1 gene (IGF-1) is considered as a major candidate gene for the economic traits of animal production. Polymorphism of 5′ flanking region of IGF-1 gene in Barki sheep (n = 91) and its association with wool traits were studied using the polymerase chain reaction coupled with single-strand conformation polymorphism technique (PCR-SSCP), PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), sequence analysis and different measurements of wool traits (clean fleece weight and fiber diameter). PCR-SSCP analysis revealed three different banding patterns corresponding with three genotypes frequencies GG (0.25), GA (0.58), AA (0.17). PCR-RFLP and corresponding sequence analysis revealed nucleotide transversion from Guanine (G) to Cytosine (C) at nucleotide position 85 and transition from (G) to Adenine (A) at position 87. This is the first study that recorded two SNPs within the 5′ flanking region of IGF-1 gene in Egyptian Barki sheep, which were submitted to DNA Data Bank OF Japan (DDBJ) with Accession No. LC151463.1. The genotype GG showed positive significant association (P  0.05) with different IGF-1 genotypes. This study adds evidence of the association between IGF-1 gene polymorphism and CFW of wool in Egyptian Barki sheep. Therefore; it is important to consider IGF-1 gene as a candidate gene marker for wool weight traits and it should be identified before using successful breeding program