Bargaining for bribes under uncertainty

A corrupt transaction is often the result of bargaining between the parties involved. This paper models bribery as a double auction where a private citizen and a public o¢ cial strategically interact as the po- tential buyer and the potential seller of a corrupt service. Individu- als di¤er in the internalized moral cost generated by corruption, and may have only imperfect information on others.moral cost, i.e. their .corruptibility.. This paper investigates the role that imperfect infor- mation with respect to the .corruptibility.of one.s potential partner in corruption plays in his or her propensity to engage in bribery, and, consequently, the equilibrium level of corruption in a society. We .nd that corruption is lower when potential bribers and potential bribees are uncertain regarding each other.s .corruptibility.. This paper pro- vides therefore theoretical support to anti-corruption strategies, such as sta¤ rotation in public o¢ ces, aimed at decreasing the social close- ness of bribers and bribees.bribery, moral cost, double auction, imperfect information,multiple equilibria

Classification and properties of the π\pi-submaximal subgroups in minimal nonsolvable groups

Let $\pi$ be a set of primes. According to H. Wielandt, a subgroup $H$ of a finite group $X$ is called a $\pi$-submaximal subgroup if there is a monomorphism $\phi:X\rightarrow Y$ into a finite group $Y$ such that $X^\phi$ is subnormal in $Y$ and $H^\phi=K\cap X^\phi$ for a $\pi$-maximal subgroup $K$ of $Y$. In his talk at the well-known conference on finite groups in Santa-Cruz (USA) in 1979, Wielandt posed a series of open questions and among them the following problem: to describe the $\pi$-submaximal subgroup of the minimal nonsolvable groups and to study properties of such subgroups: the pronormality, the intravariancy, the conjugacy in the automorphism group etc. In the article, for every set $\pi$ of primes, we obtain a description of the $\pi$-submaximal subgroup in minimal nonsolvable groups and investigate their properties, so we give a solution of Wielandt's problem