Free Trade Agreements and Volatility of Stock Returns and Exchange Rates: Evidence from NAFTA

This paper uses GARCH models and daily data to investigate the effect of the Canada – U.S. Free Trade Agreement (CUSFTA) and NAFTA on the volatility of, and the relationship between stock market returns and changes in bilateral exchange rates of the member countries. Empirical results indicate that the CUSFTA had a stabilizing effect on the Canadian and U.S. equity markets while increasing the volatility of the CAD/USD exchange rate. NAFTA further reduced the two stock markets’ volatility, however unlike CUSFTA, NAFTA also reduced the volatility of the CAD/USD exchange rate. Additional results indicate that during NAFTA, the Mexican stock market is more volatile than the other stock and bilateral exchange markets. Moreover, the exchange rate of the Mexican peso against both the U.S. and Canadian dollars has been more volatile than the Canadian dollar/US dollar exchange rate. Evidence also suggests that all three stock markets are positively correlated with each other with the U.S. market being much less correlated with the Canadian and Mexican stock markets than the latter two markets are correlated with each other. Evidence found in this paper suggests a negative relationship between the stock and bilateral currency markets that is statistically significant except for the U.S. equity market when paired with an exchange rate that involves the Mexican peso

Project Selection in Knowledge Intensive Organizations Based on Intellectual Capital Scorecards

Management of intellectual capital is an important issue in knowledge intensive organizations. Part of this is the composition of the optimal project portfolio the organization will carry out in the future. Standard methods that guide this process mostly focus on project selection on the basis of expected returns. However, in many cases other strategic factors should be considered in their interdependence such as customer satisfaction, reputation, and development of core competences. In this paper we present a tool for the selection of a project portfolio, explicitly taking into account the balancing of these strategic factors. The point of departure is the intellectual capital scorecard in which the indicators are periodically measured against a target; the scores constitute the input of a programming model. From the optimal portfolio computed, objectives for management can be derived. The method is illustrated in the case of R&D departments

Comparison of the Finite Element Method and High-Order Isogeometric Analysis for Modeling Magnetic Vector Hysteresis

Modeling the full vector hysteresis relation provides critical insight in the magnetic behavior of the core of an electric machine. Yet, including a vector hysteresis model comes at the cost of a significant extra computational load, that grows with the size of the electromagnetic problem. Therefore, high-order methods, which achieve similar accuracy as the well-known finite element method for a smaller problem size, are potentially very interesting when modeling vector hysteresis.<br/

Comparison of the Finite Element Method and High-Order Isogeometric Analysis for Modeling Magnetic Vector Hysteresis

Modeling the full vector hysteresis relation provides critical insight in the magnetic behavior of the core of an electric machine. Yet, including a vector hysteresis model comes at the cost of a significant extra computational load, that grows with the size of the electromagnetic problem. Therefore, high-order methods, which achieve similar accuracy as the well-known finite element method for a smaller problem size, are potentially very interesting when modeling vector hysteresis.<br/

Magnetodynamic finite element analysis coupled with a vector hysteresis model applied to a variable flux reluctance machine

This article presents an extended magnetodynamic finite element modeling technique for 2-D time-dependent electromechanical problems with soft-magnetic laminated steels. The proposed modeling technique includes magnetic vector hysteresis, eddy-current, and excess field components in the system of equations instead of obtaining them in the post-processing. A transient finite element solver is coupled with the Jiles-Atherton vector hysteresis model, while the dynamic components, i.e. eddy current and excess field, are modeled in a weak formulation. The proposed method is experimentally verified using a laminated transformer core similar to TEAM problem 32. It is demonstrated that the proposed magnetodynamic model with vector hysteresis characteristics calculates the flux linkage and iron loss more accurately than magnetostatic and magnetodynamic models coupled with the single-valued magnetization curve. The proposed method estimates the iron loss with a discrepancy of less than 15 % up to an excitation frequency of 1500 Hz when it is compared to the transformer core measurements. Later, the experimentally verified magnetodynamic model is employed to model a 48 V, 5 kW variable flux reluctance machine with 16 Nm peak torque under various excitation levels. The machine is tested in laboratory conditions utilizing a field-oriented control algorithm in motor mode at 1000 rpm rotor speed. The average percentage error of the magnetodynamic model with vector hysteresis characteristics is found to be 14 % compared to the iron loss measurements while the magnetodynamic and magnetostatic models coupled with the single-valued curve exhibit 25 % and 45 % average percentage errors, respectively

Discovering Sparse Hysteresis Models: A Data-driven Study for Piezoelectric Materials and Perspectives on Magnetic Hysteresis

This article presents an approach for modelling hysteresis in piezoelectric materials that leverages recent advancements in machine learning, particularly in sparse-regression techniques. While sparse regression has previously been used to model various scientific and engineering phenomena, its application to nonlinear hysteresis modelling in piezoelectric materials has yet to be explored. The study employs the least-squares algorithm with sequential threshold to model the dynamic system responsible for hysteresis, resulting in a concise model that accurately predicts hysteresis for both simulated and experimental piezoelectric material data. Additionally, insights are provided on sparse white-box modelling of hysteresis for magnetic materials taking non-oriented electrical steel as an example. The presented approach is compared to traditional regression-based and neural network methods, demonstrating its efficiency and robustness

DNA synapsis through transient tetramerization triggers cleavage by Ecl18kI restriction enzyme

To cut DNA at their target sites, restriction enzymes assemble into different oligomeric structures. The Ecl18kI endonuclease in the crystal is arranged as a tetramer made of two dimers each bound to a DNA copy. However, free in solution Ecl18kI is a dimer. To find out whether the Ecl18kI dimer or tetramer represents the functionally important assembly, we generated mutants aimed at disrupting the putative dimer–dimer interface and analysed the functional properties of Ecl18kI and mutant variants. We show by atomic force microscopy that on two-site DNA, Ecl18kI loops out an intervening DNA fragment and forms a tetramer. Using the tethered particle motion technique, we demonstrate that in solution DNA looping is highly dynamic and involves a transient interaction between the two DNA-bound dimers. Furthermore, we show that Ecl18kI cleaves DNA in the synaptic complex much faster than when acting on a single recognition site. Contrary to Ecl18kI, the tetramerization interface mutant R174A binds DNA as a dimer, shows no DNA looping and is virtually inactive. We conclude that Ecl18kI follows the association model for the synaptic complex assembly in which it binds to the target site as a dimer and then associates into a transient tetrameric form to accomplish the cleavage reaction

Lanthanum tungstate membranes for H-2 extraction and CO2 utilization: Fabrication strategies based on sequential tape casting and plasma-spray physical vapor deposition

[EN] In the context of energy conversion efficiency and decreasing greenhouse gas emissions from power generation and energy-intensive industries, membrane technologies for H-2 extraction and CO2 capture and utilization become pronouncedly important. Mixed protonic-electronic conducting ceramic membranes are hence attractive for the pre-combustion integrated gasification combined cycle, specifically in the water gas shift and H-2 separation process, and also for designing catalytic membrane reactors. This work presents the fabrication, microstructure and functional properties of Lanthanum tungstates (La28-xW4+xO54+delta, LaWO) asymmetric membranes supported on porous ceramic and porous metallic substrates fabricated by means of the sequential tape casting route and plasma spray-physical vapor deposition (PS-PVD). Pure LaWO and W site substituted LaWO were employed as membrane materials due to the promising combination of properties: appreciable mixed protonic-electronic conductivity at intermediate temperatures and reducing atmospheres, good sinterability and noticeable chemical stability under harsh operating conditions. As substrate materials porous LaWO (non-substituted), MgO and Crofer22APU stainless steel were used to support various LaWO membrane layers. The effect of fabrication parameters and material combinations on the assemblies' microstructure, LaWO phase formation and gas tightness of the functional layers was explored along with the related fabrication challenges for shaping LaWO layers with sufficient quality for further practical application. The two different fabrication strategies used in the present work allow for preparing all-ceramic and ceramic-metallic assemblies with LaWO membrane layers with thicknesses between 25 and 60 mu m and H-2 flux of ca. 0.4 ml/min cm(2) measured at 825 degrees C in 50 vol% H-2 in He dry feed and humid Ar sweep configuration. Such a performance is an exceptional achievement for the LaWO based H-2 separation membranes and it is well comparable with the H-2 flux reported for other newly developed dual phase cer-cer and cer-met membranes.ProtOMem Project under the BMBF grant 03SF0537 is gratefully acknowledged. Furthermore, the authors thank Ralf Laufs for his assistance in operating the PS-PVD facility. Dr. A. 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