Modélisation et animation de la mer en temps réel

National audienceDepuis toujours, dans le domaine de la synthèse d'images, la mer fait l'objet de nombreux travaux. Mais il est impossible de représenter tous les aspects du phénomène de la même façon. Depuis quelques années, sa simulation, dans le domaine des effets spéciaux, atteint une qualité visuelle photoréaliste. Mais la mer, malgré la place qu'elle occupe sur nore planète, est pratiquement absente du principal domaine du temps réel, les jeux vidéos. Le but de se travail est developper une méthode en temps réel d'animation et de rendu de la mer , scène relativement complexe par nature qui se prète bien 'a la recherche de techniques d'optimisations des méthodes d'animation en temps réel

Diversité et évolution du genre Fraxinus

Le genre Fraxinus comprend environ 45 espèces d’arbres et d’arbustes de zones tempérées, colonisant des habitats variés de l’hémisphère Nord. Une diversité intraspécifique et interspécifique élevée justifiait le besoin de l'estimation d'une phylogénie moléculaire permettant de mieux reconstituer et interpréter l'histoire biogéographique de ce genre d’angiospermes circumpolaires, et ce à l’échelle générique, mais aussi à l’échelle spécifique en Europe. L’étude de la diversité génétique des séquences du génome chloroplastique n’a pas permis de distinguer les différentes espèces du genre, particulièrement lorsque ces espèces étaient phylogénétiquement proches, en raison de taux de divergence particulièrement bas. Toutefois, certaines sections taxonomiques du genre ont pu être identifiées convenablement grâce à ces séquences d’ADN chloroplastique. Ces résultats montrent que l’utilisation de régions du génome chloroplastique comme code-barre moléculaire, en dépit de bons résultats dans plusieurs genres non ligneux, ne pourrait être une solution universelle pour l’estimation de la biodiversité et la reconnaissance taxonomique chez les arbres. Les efforts subséquents se sont donc portés sur l’identification et l’utilisation de régions du génome nucléaire pour l’estimation de la phylogénie du genre. Les sections précédemment décrites dans la littérature ont été retrouvées, et les espèces n’ayant pu être attribuées à un groupe taxonomique (incertae sedis) ont été assignées de manière robuste à la section Melioides. Certaines espèces de la section Melioides semblaient avoir échangé des gènes récemment ou avoir radié, formant une polytomie dans l’ensemble des jeux de données. À partir de cette phylogénie ont été inférés trois évènements de dispersions intercontinentales, deux de l’Amérique du Nord vers l’Asie, et un de l’Asie vers l’Amérique du Nord. L’évolution de la section Fraxinus, qui se retrouve principalement en Eurasie, a ensuite été étudiée et datée, afin de déterminer si des facteurs géologiques ou climatiques passés pouvaient être responsables de la structure de la diversité génétique actuellement observée. Une incongruence topologique majeure a été détectée entre les phylogénies découlant de différentes régions du génome nucléaire, mettant en évidence une évolution réticulée ancienne entre F. angustifolia et F. mandshurica. La mise en place de l’Himalaya et les changements climatiques de la fin du Tertiaire pourraient expliquer les évènements de spéciation dans la section, alors que le réchauffement climatique intervenu durant le Miocène pourrait avoir offert les conditions climatiques nécessaires au rapprochement des distributions naturelles et à l’évolution réticulée observée entre F. angustifolia et F. mandshurica. L’ensemble de nos résultats confirme le rôle important joué par l’hybridation naturelle et l’évolution réticulée ancienne, apportant un éclairage nouveau sur l’influence majeure qu’ont eu les changements environnementaux sur la mise en place de la diversité génétique et taxonomique actuelle dans le genre Fraxinus.The genus Fraxinus contains about 45 species of temperate trees and shrubs colonizing various habitats in the Northern hemisphere. A great intraspecific and interspecific diversity indicated the need to estimate a molecular phylogeny in order to reconstruct and interpret the biogeographic history of this circumpolar angiosperm tree genus, both at the generic and the specific scale in Europe. The study of cpDNA diversity did not allow to distinguish among the different species of the genus, particularly when these species were closely related, due to very low divergence rates at the nucleotide level. However, some taxonomical sections of the genus could be recognised. These results show that the use of cpDNA regions as a molecular barcode cannot be a universal answer for the estimation of forest tree biodiversity, despite the good discrimination and results obtained with herbaceous plants. Thus, subsequent efforts at estimating the phylogeny of the genus were thus directed towards nuclear regions. The sections previously described were retrieved, and species that could not be attributed to a taxonomic group (incertae sedis) were assigned with confidence to the section Melioides. Some species of the section Melioides appeared to have exchanged genes recently or having radiated, forming a polytomy in all datasets. According to this phylogeny, three dispersal events were inferred, two from North America to Asia, the last from Asia to North America. The evolution of the section Fraxinus, which is mainly found in Eurasia, was further investigated and the phylogeny dated, in order to determine associations between past geological and climatic changes and the extant genetic diversity. A major incongruence was detected between tree topologies derived from different regions of the nuclear genome, indicating ancient reticulate evolution between F. angustifolia and F. mandshurica. The Himalaya uplift and climatic changes observed during the end of Tertiary could explain the speciation events in the section, whereas the warmer climate during the Miocene could have provided favourable conditions for expanding natural ranges, favouring reticulate evolution between F. angustifolia and F. mandshurica. All these results confirm the key role of natural hybridization and ancient reticulate evolution, highlighting the major influence of environmental changes on structuring the present taxonomical and genetic diversity of the genus Fraxinus

Interactive animation of ocean waves

International audienceWe present an adaptive scheme for the interactive animation and display of ocean waves far from the coast. Relying on a procedural wave model, the method restricts computations to the visible part of the ocean surface, adapts the geometric resolution to the viewing distance and only considers the visible waves wavelengths. This yields real-time performances, even when the camera moves. The method allows the user to interactively fly over an unbounded animated ocean, which was not possible using previous approaches

Chromosome‐level reference genome of the soursop (Annona muricata) : a new resource for Magnoliid research and tropical pomology

The flowering plant family Annonaceae includes important commercially grown tropical crops, but development of promising species is hindered by a lack of genomic resources to build breeding programs. Annonaceae are part of the magnoliids, an ancient lineage of angiosperms for which evolutionary relationships with other major clades remain unclear. To provide resources to breeders and evolutionary researchers, we report a chromosome-level genome assembly of the soursop (Annona muricata). We assembled the genome using 444.32 Gb of DNA sequences (676x sequencing depth) from PacBio and Illumina short-reads, in combination with 10x Genomics and Bionano data (v1). A total of 949 scaffolds were assembled to a final size of 656.77 Mb, with a scaffold N50 of 3.43 Mb (v1), and then further improved to seven pseudo-chromosomes using Hi-C sequencing data (v2; scaffold N50: 93.2 Mb, total size in chromosomes: 639.6 Mb). Heterozygosity was very low (0.06%), while repeat sequences accounted for 54.87% of the genome, and 23,375 protein-coding genes with an average of 4.79 exons per gene were annotated using de novo, RNA-seq and homology-based approaches. Reconstruction of the historical population size showed a slow continuous contraction, probably related to Cenozoic climate changes. The soursop is the first genome assembled in Annonaceae, supporting further studies of floral evolution in magnoliids, providing an essential resource for delineating relationships of ancient angiosperm lineages. Both genome-assisted improvement and conservation efforts will be strengthened by the availability of the soursop genome. As a community resource, this assembly will further strengthen the role of Annonaceae as model species for research on the ecology, evolution and domestication potential of tropical species in pomology and agroforestry

Chromosome-level reference genome of the soursop (Annona muricata): A new resource for Magnoliid research and tropical pomology

The flowering plant family Annonaceae includes important commercially grown tropical crops, but development of promising species is hindered by a lack of genomic resources to build breeding programs. Annonaceae are part of the magnoliids, an ancient lineage of angiosperms for which evolutionary relationships with other major clades remain unclear. To provide resources to breeders and evolutionary researchers, we report a chromosome‐level genome assembly of the soursop (Annona muricata). We assembled the genome using 444.32 Gb of DNA sequences (676× sequencing depth) from PacBio and Illumina short‐reads, in combination with 10× Genomics and Bionano data (v1). A total of 949 scaffolds were assembled to a final size of 656.77 Mb, with a scaffold N50 of 3.43 Mb (v1), and then further improved to seven pseudo‐chromosomes using Hi‐C sequencing data (v2; scaffold N50: 93.2 Mb, total size in chromosomes: 639.6 Mb). Heterozygosity was very low (0.06%), while repeat sequences accounted for 54.87% of the genome, and 23,375 protein‐coding genes with an average of 4.79 exons per gene were annotated using de novo, RNA‐seq and homology‐based approaches. Reconstruction of the historical population size showed a slow continuous contraction, probably related to Cenozoic climate changes. The soursop is the first genome assembled in Annonaceae, supporting further studies of floral evolution in magnoliids, providing an essential resource for delineating relationships of ancient angiosperm lineages. Both genome‐assisted improvement and conservation efforts will be strengthened by the availability of the soursop genome. As a community resource, this assembly will further strengthen the role of Annonaceae as model species for research on the ecology, evolution and domestication potential of tropical species in pomology and agroforestry

Deciduous Trees and the Application of Universal DNA Barcodes: A Case Study on the Circumpolar Fraxinus

The utility of DNA barcoding for identifying representative specimens of the circumpolar tree genus Fraxinus (56 species) was investigated. We examined the genetic variability of several loci suggested in chloroplast DNA barcode protocols such as matK, rpoB, rpoC1 and trnH-psbA in a large worldwide sample of Fraxinus species. The chloroplast intergenic spacer rpl32-trnL was further assessed in search for a potentially variable and useful locus. The results of the study suggest that the proposed cpDNA loci, alone or in combination, cannot fully discriminate among species because of the generally low rates of substitution in the chloroplast genome of Fraxinus. The intergenic spacer trnH-psbA was the best performing locus, but genetic distance-based discrimination was moderately successful and only resulted in the separation of the samples at the subgenus level. Use of the BLAST approach was better than the neighbor-joining tree reconstruction method with pairwise Kimura's two-parameter rates of substitution, but allowed for the correct identification of only less than half of the species sampled. Such rates are substantially lower than the success rate required for a standardised barcoding approach. Consequently, the current cpDNA barcodes are inadequate to fully discriminate Fraxinus species. Given that a low rate of substitution is common among the plastid genomes of trees, the use of the plant cpDNA “universal” barcode may not be suitable for the safe identification of tree species below a generic or sectional level. Supplementary barcoding loci of the nuclear genome and alternative solutions are proposed and discussed

Modélisation et animation de la mer en temps réel

National audienceDepuis toujours, dans le domaine de la synthèse d'images, la mer fait l'objet de nombreux travaux. Mais il est impossible de représenter tous les aspects du phénomène de la même façon. Depuis quelques années, sa simulation, dans le domaine des effets spéciaux, atteint une qualité visuelle photoréaliste. Mais la mer, malgré la place qu'elle occupe sur nore planète, est pratiquement absente du principal domaine du temps réel, les jeux vidéos. Le but de se travail est developper une méthode en temps réel d'animation et de rendu de la mer , scène relativement complexe par nature qui se prète bien 'a la recherche de techniques d'optimisations des méthodes d'animation en temps réel

Plastome of Quercus xanthoclada and comparison of genomic diversity amongst selected Quercus species using genome skimming

Volume: 132Start Page: 75-8

Pseudorhabdosynochus venus n. sp (Monogenea : Diplectanidae) from Epinephelus howlandi (Perciformes : Serranidae) off New Caledonia

Pseudorhabdosynochus venus n. sp. is described from specimens collected from the gills of Epinephelus howlandi off Noumea, New Caledonia, South Pacific. The male sclerotised quadriloculate organ of P. venus, 61-101 mu m in internal length, has an anterior chamber with a thin anterior wall, a very short cone and a short posterior tube. The sclerotised vagina, 50-67 mu m in total length, is composed of an anterior open trumpet, an S-shaped canal, a tear-shaped principal chamber and a spherical accessory chamber; all parts are heavily sclerotised. The two squamodiscs have 10-11 rows of separate rodlets and no central closed row of rodlets. P. venus is differentiated from all other species of Pseudorhabdosynochus by the spectacular morphology of its sclerotised vagina. It is the first diplectanid described from E. howlandi