Role of inorganics on the biomass char gasification reactivity: A review involving reaction mechanisms and kinetics models

International audienceThis review article presents the effects of the inorganic elements and compounds on gasification and their mechanisms of action. The influence of inorganics on the gasification reaction have been described in the literature. However, the specific phenomena involved and the mechanisms of action are not stated with consensus. Therefore, the present review gathers the various mechanisms proposed by authors. Some have been demonstrated to be unlikely such as the mechanisms involving intercalation compounds or mechanical actions. In order to give more practical applications of this work, the review also gathers the gasification kinetic models that take these inorganic effects into account

Responses of Cotton Crop to use of Different Conventional Tillage Tools in South Alibori Area in Benin

This study aims to assess the influence of the use of motorized plowing tools on cotton development in the South Alibori area in Benin. The plowing tools tested were the disc plow for plowing at 10 cm (CD10) and 20 cm depth (CD20), the moldboard plow at 10 cm (CS10) and 20 cm depth (CS20), the rotavator (Ro) and daba (Ho). A Random Complete Blocks Design constituted of six tools and three replications were implemented on Bensékou, Kokey, and Banigouré sites and were repeated over two campaigns between 2019 and 2021. The results showed that compared with daba, root and stem length increased respectively by 1.1±0.77 cm and 16±2.5 cm with CD10 and CS10 and by 2.5±0.77 cm and 34±1.84 cm with CS20 and CD20. Ramifications and diameter of root and stem were significantly increased with CD20 and CS20 treatments (p˂0.05). Compared with daba, CD10, and CS10 on the one hand, CS20 and CD20 improved the cotton fiber yield by 1.4±0.42 q/ha and 2.7±0.42 q/ha respectively. For both campaigns, plowing at 20 cm depth is recommended for soil preparation for cotton growing

Nurse-led care for the management of rheumatoid arthritis: A review of the global literature and proposed strategies for implementation in Africa and the Middle East

Globally, increasing demand for rheumatology services has led to a greater reliance on non-physician healthcare professionals (HCPs), such as rheumatology nurse specialists, to deliver care as part of a multidisciplinary team. Across Africa and the Middle East (AfME), there remains a shortage of rheumatology HCPs, including rheumatology nurses, which presents a major challenge to the delivery of rheumatology services, and subsequently the treatment and management of conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). To further explore the importance of nurse-led care (NLC) for patients with RA and create a set of proposed strategies for the implementation of NLC in the AfME region, we used a modified Delphi technique. A review of the global literature was conducted using the PubMed search engine, with the most relevant publications selected. The findings were summarized and presented to the author group, which was composed of representatives from different countries and HCP disciplines. The authors also drew on their knowledge of the wider literature to provide context. Overall, results suggest that NLC is associated with improved patient perceptions of RA care, and equivalent or superior clinical and cost outcomes versus physician-led care in RA disease management. Expert commentary provided by the authors gives insights into the challenges of implementing nurse-led RA care. We further report practical proposed strategies for the development and implementation of NLC for patients with RA, specifically in the AfME region. These proposed strategies aim to act as a foundation for the introduction and development of NLC programs across the AfME region