Volcano remote sensing with ground-based spectroscopy

The chemical compositions and emission rates of volcanic gases carry important information about underground magmatic and hydrothermal conditions, with application in eruption forecasting. Volcanic plumes are also studied because of their impacts upon the atmosphere, climate and human health. Remote sensing techniques are being increasingly used in this field because they provide real-time data and can be applied at safe distances from the target, even throughout violent eruptive episodes. However, notwithstanding the many scientific insights into volcanic behaviour already achieved with these approaches, technological limitations have placed firm restrictions upon the utility of the acquired data. For instance, volcanic SO2 emission rate measurements are typically inaccurate (errors can be greater than 100%) and have poor time resolution (ca once per week). Volcanic gas geochemistry is currently being revolutionized by the recent implementation of a new generation of remote sensing tools, which are overcoming the above limitations and are providing degassing data of unprecedented quality. In this article, I review this field at this exciting point of transition, covering the techniques used and the insights thereby obtained, and I speculate upon the breakthroughs that are now tantalizingly close

Monitoring SO2 emission at the Soufriere Hills Volcano: implications for changes in erruptive conditions

FLWINinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Ground based ultraviolet remote sensing of volcanic gas plumes

Ultraviolet spectroscopy has been implemented for over thirty years to monitor volcanic SO2 emissions. These data have provided valuable information concerning underground magmatic conditions, which have been of utility in eruption forecasting efforts. During the last decade the traditionally used correlation spectrometers have been upgraded with miniature USB coupled UV spectrometers, opening a series of exciting new empirical possibilities for understanding volcanoes and their impacts upon the atmosphere. Here we review these technological developments, in addition to the scientific insights they have precipitated, covering the strengths and current limitations of this approach

Mellanchefens komplexa position inom organisationen : En kvalitativ intervjustudie med utgångspunkt i intressentmodellen och konkurrerande legitimitetskrav

The aim of this study was to examine how middle managers experience the impact of internal and external stakeholders bound to the organizations and how middle managers form their legitimacy. The study examined the complex situation of social workers in a middle managing position using stakeholder theory and legitimacy. The middle managers are working in Swedish welfare organizations providing support and service for persons with certain functional disabilities. They handle competing expectations from top managers, employees and relatives to the clients. Our findings suggest that the middle managers are strategic in their work with the stakeholders. The middle managers cater to some expectations but usually they manage to merge the different opinions together and create consensus throughout the organization. This study also shows that the middle managers legitimacy is created and maintained in the organization due to the distance between the other stakeholders

So far so good - repatriering i ett multinationellt företag

Syfte: Vårt syfte är att undersöka vilka faktorer som påverkar repatrieringen och utveckla en modell för hur man på ett mer överskådligt sätt kan arbeta med repatrieringsprocessen i fallföretaget, och i förlängningen andra företag. Den praktiska anledningen till detta är att framhålla repatriater som värdefulla inslag i organisationens utveckling i en alltmer globaliserad värld och därmed en källa till konkurrensfördelar. Den forskningsmässiga grunden är för att visa var IHRM befinner sig i nuläget, var repatriering brister i nuläget, samt i vilken riktning vi anser att forskningen bör gå för att knytas an till den strategiska utvecklingen av organisationen. Metod: Vi har använt oss av en kvalitativ fallstudie. Vårt empiriska material består av primärdata i form av 16 intervjuer med personer som varit inblandade i utlandstjänst hos fallföretaget. Den teori vi använt oss av för att genomföra vår analys av är främst teori kring Internationell HRM. Slutsatser: Vi har kommit fram till att följande faktorer påverkar repatrieringen: karriärplanering, relation till operativa chefen, nätverk av kontakter i företaget, kommunikation under uppdraget, expatriaten själv, och ansvars- och rollfördelning. Ansvars- och rollfördelningen vid repatriering är synnerligen viktig för att lyckas med repatrieringen. Vidare anser vi att expatriering och repatriering inte skall ses som två separata händelser utan bör integreras till en. Planeringen för repatrieringen bör starta redan vid expatrieringen. För att kunna dra nytta av alla de positiva faktorer (såsom individuell utveckling, säkrad tillförsel av internationella ledare, organisationsutveckling) som en lyckad repatriering ger krävs det framförhållning. För att underlätta framförhållningen anser vi att ansvaret för repatrieringen bör tydliggöras och vara av mer oberoende karaktär samt att varje fall bör situationsanpassas. Slutligen presenterar vi Reptrieringspentagonen där roll- och ansvarsfördelning presenteras utförligt

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and a supertyphoon: A quantitative study in Cebu, Philippines

Pandemics and natural disasters are recognized to cause major disruptions. The main objective of this study was to explore the impacts of COVID-19 and supertyphoon Odette in Cebu, Philippines. A total of 2630 participants were interviewed exploring the impacts of COVID-19 and supertyphoon Odette. The majority of the respondents (2486/2630; 94.5%) had financial problems due to COVID-19. Almost three out of four respondents (1962/2630; 74.6%) experienced moderate to severe impact on their mental health. Almost a third of the respondents (874/2630; 33.2%) reported moderate to severe impact on their physical well-being, mostly related to weight-related disorders. Almost half of the respondents (1248/2630; 47.5%) experienced moderate to severe impacts on their relationships with family members, relatives, friends and neighbors. More than two-thirds of the respondents (1673/2360; 63.6%) reported moderate to severe financial problems due to supertyphoon Odette. Households who were financially impacted by Supertyphoon Odette were more likely not have recently migrated to their current residence (p<0.001), and to have lower monthly expenditure (p = 0.020). The specific financial problems reported by the majority (1671/2360; 64.5%) were increased expenses, followed by inability to work (623/2360; 23.7%). Almost two-thirds of the respondents (1680/2360; 63.9%) reported having mental health problems. The majority of respondents (1853/2360; 70.5%) had moderate to severe impacts on their living conditions, disrupted by interruption in electricity, water supplies, and house damage. The COVID-19 pandemic and supertyphoon Odette had multi-faceted effects with immediate and long-term implications and greater impacts among poorer households. Public health measures to counteract the consequences of both of these incidents require a multi-pronged and targeted approach

Effectiveness of a single-dose mass dengue vaccination in Cebu, Philippines: A case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Dengue fever is an important public health problem in the Philippines. In April 2016, the Department of Health launched a three-dose school based dengue vaccination program of nine- to fourteen-year-old children in three regions with the highest number of dengue cases using CYD-TDV (Dengvaxia, Sanofi Pasteur). In July 2017, a community-based dengue vaccination program was implemented in Cebu province. The program was discontinued in December 2017 amidst public controversy, after the first dose had been administered. We assessed the effectiveness of a single dose of CYD-TDV against hospitalized virologically confirmed dengue (VCD). METHODS: We conducted a case-control study in Cebu province following the dengue mass vaccination. Children who were nine to fourteen years of age during the mass vaccination and subsequently admitted to any of four participating public hospitals with suspected dengue were enrolled in the study as cases. Blood for RT-PCR and clinical and socio-demographic information were obtained. To estimate the level of vaccine protection, vaccination status was compared between children with hospitalized virologically confirmed dengue and controls of the same six-year age-group as the cases, matched on sex, neighborhood and time of occurrence of cases. FINDINGS: We enrolled 490 cases and 980 controls. Receipt of one dose of CYD-TDV was associated with 26% (95 % CI, -2 to 47%; p = 0 0675) overall protection against hospitalized virologically confirmed dengue and 51% (95 % CI, 23 to 68; p = 0 0016) protection against dengue with warning signs. INTERPRETATION: A single dose of CYD-TDV given to nine to fourteen-year-old children through a community-based mass vaccination program conferred protection against dengue with warning signs and severe dengue but we were unable to conclude on protection against milder illness

Using Simulation In The Early Stage For Safety Evaluations Of Battery Management Systems Of Solar Cars

As the demand for sustainable transportation grows, solar-powered electric vehicles (EVs) haveemerged as a promising innovation. However, the use of lithium-ion batteries in solar cars presentssignificant thermal safety challenges due to their sensitivity to overheating and risk of thermal runaway. This thesis investigates how simulation-based methods can be used to evaluate and improveBattery Thermal Management Systems (BTMS) in high-performance solar vehicles. Using a solarcar developed by Mälardalen University’s Solar Team from 2019 as a case study, a set of MATLAB/Simulink models were developed to simulate battery behavior under realistic environmentaland operational conditions inspired by the World Solar Challenge (WSC).The simulations focus on identifying thermal safety risks, testing fault scenarios, and validating mitigation strategies through trade-off analysis and fault injection testing. A survey was alsoconducted among stakeholders from Solar Team to evaluate the realism and applicability of themodels. The feedback confirmed the value of the simulation approach in identifying thermal issuesand highlighted areas where design improvements could enhance system reliability. The results fromboth the model and survey show that even simplified models can yield valuable insights into batterybehavior, offering a foundation for safer and more efficient solar vehicle design.This thesis shows the important role simulations backed by stakeholder validation have in theearly design phase to identify safety risks, test different parameters, and guide engineering anddesign decisions