Recent Advances in Health Biotechnology During Pandemic

The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which emerged in 2019, cut the epoch that will make profound fluctuates in the history of the world in social, economic, and scientific fields. Urgent needs in public health have brought with them innovative approaches, including diagnosis, prevention, and treatment. To exceed the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, various scientific authorities in the world have procreated advances in real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) based diagnostic tests, rapid diagnostic kits, the development of vaccines for immunization, and the purposing pharmaceuticals for treatment. Diagnosis, treatment, and immunization approaches put for- ward by scientific communities are cross-fed from the accrued knowledge of multidisciplinary sciences in health biotechnology. So much so that the pandemic, urgently prioritized in the world, is not only viral infections but also has been the pulsion in the development of novel approaches in many fields such as diagnosis, treatment, translational medicine, virology, mi- crobiology, immunology, functional nano- and bio-materials, bioinformatics, molecular biol- ogy, genetics, tissue engineering, biomedical devices, and artificial intelligence technologies. In this review, the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the development of various scientific areas of health biotechnology are discussed

Levelized cost and carbon content of hydrogen produced by electrolysis

International audienceHydrogen produced by electrolysis is expected to be massively produced accross the world providing hydrogen to mobility systems and industry in an attempt to decarbonize them. The economical acceptability of such a transition can be insured by the selling price of hydrogen and the avoided CO2 emission cost. Even, if the investment cost are important, the levelized cost of hydrogen is dominated by the electricity cost when the electrolyzer is supplied from the grid. However, with the increase of the renewable electricity generation in the mix, hydrogen production may play a role as grid stabilizer consuming excess electricity. This situation leads to lower to almost zero electricity cost but with a lower hydrogen production by the electrolyzer leading to a higher weight of the investment cost.In this paper, a model is proposed to assess the levelized cost of hydrogen and its carbon content based on several strategies