Interstate Comparison of Output and Productivity in the Australian Agricultural Sector, 1991 to 1999

The paper examines the output and productivity performance of the Australian Agriculture sector by state from 1991 to 1999. The aim of the paper is two-fold. First, the paper is a pioneer in a series which compares the performance of each Australian state by sector starting with the Agriculture sector. Second, it introduces the Geary-Khamis (GK) method for derivation of appropriate currency converters or purchasing power parities (PPPs) to enable proper quantification of real output and productivity at the multilateral level. It is essential to use appropriate PPPs as the differences in prices of farm commodities across states pose the problem of aggregation of real output. For the benchmark year 1996-97, gross value of agricultural production reveal that Victoria was 73% of NSW level, based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data when price differentials are not taken into consideration. However, when appropriate PPPs were used, results showed that Victoria’s level had gone up to 88% of NSW level. In terms of value added, Victoria’s level with respect to NSW was 89% based on actual values and 106% based on Geary-Khamis PPPs.

What can the structure of the palmprint tell us?

Since the olden days, palmistry has been used to foretell a person?s character traits and fate. The study of various lines and mounts of the palm helps the reader predict the person?s future. As research on palmprints progresses, there had been more uses of it being discovered, such as health prediction. These researches surface the need to further identify and make use of the mysteries of the palm. This paper aims to understand the different researches and its methods in disseminating the information for fortune telling and health prediction palmistry. With these understandings, the possibility of creating a database and query system for fortune telling and health prediction information is explored

Integrating environmental management into supply chains: a systematic literature review and theoretical framework

Purpose: the need to integrate environmental management into supply chains has been recognized recently. Yet, there is a lack of theoretical grounding and a conceptual framework guiding such efforts to leverage resources and capabilities across supply chain partners. Grounded on stakeholder and resource orchestration theories, this paper maps the emerging practices, develops a theoretical framework, and proposes future research for understanding an emerging best-practice called ‘green supply chain integration’ (GSCI). Design/methodology/approach: A systematic literature review of 142 academic articles is conducted to ensure the process of framework development is auditable and repeatable. The article selection criteria are aligned with the review question ensuring that related theories and practices are identified and evaluated. Findings: The paper illustrates how stakeholder and resource orchestration theories can be used to explain an integrative approach of environmental management in supply chains. The paper identifies four GSCI practices: internal, supplier, customer, and community stakeholder GSCI. A theoretical framework and proposition also provide new research directions. Research limitations/implications: The results of this paper are drawn from an extensive review of the existing literature and novel practices that have not been revealed and could have been missed. The emerging practices and theoretical framework can be used for further empirical investigation. Originality/value: This paper integrates theoretical concepts and empirical findings from the disparate literature and identifies four emerging practices of environmental management by developing a theoretical framework and proposition for future research

A Study Of The Misuse Of Drugs Among Secondary School Children In The State Of Kelantan.

Adolescent drug abuse in Malaysia - a phenomenon of the late 1960 l s and the 1970's - has been the cause of considerable public concern and discussion but, until recently, much of the discussion was necessarily founded upon speculation, for there was little systematic collecting of information on the extent and nature of the problem

Skin dendritic cells in melanoma are key for successful checkpoint blockade therapy.

BACKGROUND: Immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors has shown impressive results in patients with melanoma, but still many do not benefit from this line of treatment. A lack of tumor-infiltrating T cells is a common reason for therapy failure but also a loss of intratumoral dendritic cells (DCs) has been described. METHODS: We used the transgenic tg(Grm1)EPv melanoma mouse strain that develops spontaneous, slow-growing tumors to perform immunological analysis during tumor progression. With flow cytometry, the frequencies of DCs and T cells at different tumor stages and the expression of the inhibitory molecules programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) and T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM-3) on T cells were analyzed. This was complemented with RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) and real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis to investigate the immune status of the tumors. To boost DC numbers and function, we administered Fms-related tyrosine 3 ligand (Flt3L) plus an adjuvant mix of polyI:C and anti-CD40. To enhance T cell function, we tested several checkpoint blockade antibodies. Immunological alterations were characterized in tumor and tumor-draining lymph nodes (LNs) by flow cytometry, CyTOF, microarray and RT-qPCR to understand how immune cells can control tumor growth. The specific role of migratory skin DCs was investigated by coculture of sorted DC subsets with melanoma-specific CD8+ T cells. RESULTS: Our study revealed that tumor progression is characterized by upregulation of checkpoint molecules and a gradual loss of the dermal conventional DC (cDC) 2 subset. Monotherapy with checkpoint blockade could not restore antitumor immunity, whereas boosting DC numbers and activation increased tumor immunogenicity. This was reflected by higher numbers of activated cDC1 and cDC2 as well as CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in treated tumors. At the same time, the DC boost approach reinforced migratory dermal DC subsets to prime gp100-specific CD8+ T cells in tumor-draining LNs that expressed PD-1/TIM-3 and produced interferon γ (IFNγ)/tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα). As a consequence, the combination of the DC boost with antibodies against PD-1 and TIM-3 released the brake from T cells, leading to improved function within the tumors and delayed tumor growth. CONCLUSIONS: Our results set forth the importance of skin DC in cancer immunotherapy, and demonstrates that restoring DC function is key to enhancing tumor immunogenicity and subsequently responsiveness to checkpoint blockade therapy

Modal Insan Cemerlang- Minda Kelas Pertama: Suatu Perspektif

KPM memperkenalkan Pelan Induk Pembangunan Pendidikan 2006-2010 yand dibina berasaskan enam teras strategik dengan matlamat spesifik: membina negara bangsa, membangunkan modal insan, memperkasakan sekolah kebangsaan, merapatkan jurang pendidikan, memartabatkan profesion keguruan dan melonjakkan kecemerlangan institusi pendidikan. Buku ini mengupas isi-isi penting berkaitan enam teras tersebut

Slow and fast diffusion in a lead sulphate gravity separation process

A model for the growth of lead sulphate particles in a gravity separation system from the crystal glassware industry is presented. The lead sulphate particles are an undesirable byproduct, and thus the model is used to ascertain the optimal system temperature configuration such that particle extraction is maximised. The model describes the evolution of a single, spherical particle due to the mass flux of lead particles from a surrounding acid solution. We divide the concentration field into two separate regions. Specifically, a relatively small boundary layer region around the particle is characterised by fast diffusion, and is thus considered quasistatic. In contrast, diffusion in the far-field is slower, and hence assumed to be time-dependent. The final system consisting of two nonlinear, coupled ordinary differential equations for the particle radius and lead concentration, is integrated numerically

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Growth following Aerobic Expression of the DosR Regulon

The Mycobacterium tuberculosis regulator DosR is induced by multiple stimuli including hypoxia, nitric oxide and redox stress. Overlap of these stimuli with conditions thought to promote latency in infected patients fuels a model in which DosR regulon expression is correlated with bacteriostasis in vitro and a proxy for latency in vivo. Here, we find that inducing the DosR regulon to wildtype levels in aerobic, replicating M. tuberculosis does not alter bacterial growth kinetics. We conclude that DosR regulon expression alone is insufficient for bacterial latency, but rather is expressed during a range of growth states in a dynamic environment

Detection of sexually transmitted infection and human papillomavirus in negative cytology by multiplex-PCR

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) and 15 species that cause sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in negative cytology. In addition, we compared the diagnostic performance of multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with widely available techniques used to detect HPV.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We recruited 235 women of reproductive age who had negative cytology findings in a liquid-based cervical smear. STIs were identified by multiplex PCR, and HPV genotypes by multiplex PCR, hybrid capture 2, and DNA microaray; discordant results were analyzed by direct sequencing.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Approximately 96.6% of patients with negative cytology results were positive for pathogens that cause STIs. The pathogens most frequently detected were <it>Gardnerella vaginalis, Ureaplasma urealyticum</it>. The incidence of HPV in negative cytology was 23.3%. Low-risk HPV infection was significantly correlated with <it>Chalmaydia trachomatis</it>, and high-risk HPV infection was significantly correlated with <it>Group β streptococcus</it>. The analytical sensitivities of the multiplex PCR and DNA microarray were higher than 80%, and the analytical specificity was nearly 100% for all tests.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Multiplex PCR yielded results that most of patients with negative cytology were positive for pathogens that cause STIs, and were more similar to that of DNA microarray, than that of hybrid capture 2 in terms of analytical sensitivity and prediction value of HPV infection.</p