Anthocyanins and Their Variation in Red Wines I. Monomeric Anthocyanins and Their Color Expression

Originating in the grapes, monomeric anthocyanins in young red wines contribute the majority of color and the supposed beneficial health effects related to their consumption, and as such they are recognized as one of the most important groups of phenolic metabolites in red wines. In recent years, our increasing knowledge of the chemical complexity of the monomeric anthocyanins, their stability, together with the phenomena such as self-association and copigmentation that can stabilize and enhance their color has helped to explain their color representation in red wine making and aging. A series of new enological practices were developed to improve the anthocyanin extraction, as well as their color expression and maintenance. This paper summarizes the most recent advances in the studies of the monomeric anthocyanins in red wines, emphasizing their origin, occurrence, color enhancing effects, their degradation and the effect of various enological practices on them

Metabolite and transcript profiling of berry skin during fruit development elucidates differential regulation between Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz cultivars at branching points in the polyphenol pathway

Grapevine berries undergo complex biochemical changes during fruit maturation, many of which are dependent upon the variety and its environment. In order to elucidate the varietal dependent developmental regulation of primary and specialized metabolism, berry skins of Cabernet Sauvignon and Shiraz were subjected to GC-MS and LC-MS based metabolite profiling from pre-veraison to harvest. The generated dataset was augmented with RNAseq-transcript profiling. The analysis of the metabolite data revealed similar developmental patterns of change in primary metabolites between the two cultivars. In contrast, quite distinct pattern of change was apparent in specialized metabolites towards maturation, suggesting a varietal-dependent metabolic regulation, Transcript profiling revealed coordinated increased transcript abundance for genes encoding enzymes of committing steps in the phenylpropanoid pathway. The anthocyanin metabolite profile showed F3'5'H-mediated delphinidin-type anthocyanin enrichment in both varieties toward maturation, consistent with the transcript data, indicating that the F3’5’H-governed branching step dominates the anthocyanin profile at late berry development. The comparative metabolite profiles and RNAseq analysis of two physiologically different dark-skinned grape varieties revealed the underlying commonalities and cultivar-specificities of berry metabolism and its regulation. Enhanced stress related metabolism, e.g. trehalose, stilbene and ABA in Shiraz berry-skin corroborate its relatively higher susceptibility to environmental cue