O ensino de função polinomial do primeiro grau: um estudo sob a ótica da Teoria das Situações Didáticas numa turma do Ensino Médio

This article aims to analyze how the concept of first degree polynomial can be approached in a first year high school class of a public school. From this goal, Didactic Engineering is considered as methodological support of this research, focusing on the phases of the Theory of Didactic Situations (TDS), identifying some aspects of the class that can be settled in a didactic or non-didactic situation. Two of the ten activities were analyzed from a didactic sequence, presenting the goals a priori, which allowed us to realize how the teaching and learning of this subject are being developed in face of TDS. In this context, planning and implementing an activity are constituted in a situation that conditions the teacher as learner and evaluator of his own practice, reflecting about the planning of activities that enable the subject to build his knowledge. The results of this analysis constitutes in conjectures that can elucidate other ways of teaching and learning the mathematical object in issue.Este artículo objetiva analizar como el concepto de función polinómica de primer grado puede ser abordado en un grupo del primer año de la secundaria en una escuela pública del estado Bahía, Brasil. En dialogo con ese objetivo, consideramos la Ingeniería Didáctica base metodológica en esta investigación, con enfoque en las fases de la Teoría de las Situaciones Didácticas (TSD) y la identificación de los aspectos de la clase que puedan configurar una situación a-didáctica o didáctica. En este estudio, analizamos dos de las diez actividades de una secuencia didáctica, presentando los objetivos, primeramente, eso nos permitió percibir como la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de este contenido están siendo desarrollados por medio de la TSD. Delante de eso, planear e implementar una actividad se constituye en una situación que coloca el profesor como aprendiz y evaluador de su propia práctica, reflejando sobre el planeamiento de actividades que posibilitan la construcción de su propio conocimiento. Los resultados del estudio se constituyen en coyunturas que puedan elucidar otras formas de enseñanza y aprendizaje de unos de los objetos de las matemáticas: función polinómica de primer grado.Este artigo tem o objetivo de analisar como o conceito de função polinomial do primeiro grau pode ser abordado em uma turma de 1º ano de Ensino Médio de uma escola pública estadual. A partir desse objetivo, consideramos a Engenharia Didática suporte metodológico desta pesquisa, tendo como foco as fases da Teoria das Situações Didáticas (TSD) e a identificação de aspectos da aula que possam configurar em uma situação adidática ou didática. Neste estudo, analisamos duas das dez atividades de uma sequência didática, apresentando os objetivos, a priori, isso nos permitiu perceber como o ensino e a aprendizagem deste conteúdo estão sendo desenvolvidos em face da TSD. Nesse contexto, planejar e implementar uma atividade se constitui em uma situação que coloca o professor enquanto aprendiz e avaliador da sua própria prática, refletindo sobre o planejamento de atividades que possibilitem a construção do seu próprio conhecimento. Os resultados se constituem em conjecturas que podem elucidar outras formas de ensino e de aprendizagem do objeto matemático em questão

O rugby tag na educação física escolar: contribuições de uma formação

Continuing education has been the subject of many studies carried out in the educational field, and the investment in this formative aspect showed to be relevant for enhancing and diversifying pedagogical practices. The aim of this study was to investigate the contribution of continuing education on the sport of rugby tag in view of the possibility of its development in school Physical Education. With a qualitative approach, the present research counted with the participation of 13 teachers, who met the inclusion criteria of the work and answered individually to a semi-structured interview. As main results, it was possible to: a) observe the importance of continuing education to expand knowledge about rugby tag; b) to investigate its possibilities of application in school Physical Education and; c) better understand the concepts of sport teaching. It is considered that the results achieved were only possible through the promotion of continuing education divided into three stages, allowing more time for dialogue and monitoring of teachers, just as these spaces for the re-signification of sport are relevant for a higher quality of teaching in school setting.La educación continua ha sido objeto de numerosos estudios realizados en el ámbito educativo, y la inversión en este aspecto formativo ha demostrado ser relevante para potenciar y diversificar las prácticas pedagógicas. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar el aporte de la educación continua en el deporte del rugby tag ante la posibilidad de su desarrollo en la Educación Física escolar. Con un enfoque cualitativo, la presente investigación contó con la participación de 13 docentes, quienes cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión del trabajo y respondieron individualmente a una entrevista semiestructurada. Como principales resultados, fue posible: a) observar la importancia de la educación continua para ampliar el conocimiento sobre rugby tag; b) investigar sus posibilidades de aplicación en la Educación Física escolar; c) comprender mejor los conceptos de la enseñanza del deporte. Se considera que los resultados alcanzados solo fueron posibles a través de la promoción de la educación continua dividida en tres etapas, permitiendo más tiempo para el diálogo y seguimiento de los docentes, así como estos espacios para la resignificación del deporte son relevantes para una mayor calidad de la enseñanza en el ámbito escolar.A formação continuada tem sido objeto de muitos estudos realizados no campo educacional, e o investimento nesse aspecto formativo tem se mostrado relevante para a potencialização e a diversificação de práticas pedagógicas. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a contribuição da formação continuada para a modalidade esportiva de rugby tag frente à possibilidade de seu desenvolvimento na Educação Física escolar. Com abordagem qualitativa, a presente pesquisa contou com a participação de 13 professores, os quais atenderam aos critérios de inclusão do trabalho e responderam individualmente a uma entrevista semiestruturada. Como principais resultados, foi possível: a) observar a importância da formação continuada para a ampliação do conhecimento sobre o rugby tag; b) averiguar suas possibilidades de aplicação na Educação Física escolar; c) compreender melhor os conceitos sobre o ensino do esporte. Considera-se que os resultados alcançados só foram possíveis por meio do fomento à realização da formação continuada dividida em três etapas, permitindo maior tempo de diálogo e acompanhamento dos professores, assim como esses espaços de ressignificação do esporte são pertinentes para a melhor qualidade do ensino no âmbito escolar

Genome-wide interaction study of gene-by-occupational exposures on respiratory symptoms

© 2018 Elsevier Ltd Respiratory symptoms are important indicators of respiratory diseases. Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to respiratory symptoms development but less is known about gene-environment interactions. We aimed to assess interactions between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and occupational exposures on respiratory symptoms cough, dyspnea and phlegm. As identification cohort LifeLines I (n = 7976 subjects) was used. Job-specific exposure was estimated using the ALOHA + job exposure matrix. SNP-by-occupational exposure interactions on respiratory symptoms were tested using logistic regression adjusted for gender, age, and current smoking. SNP-by-exposure interactions with a p-value <10 −4 were tested for replication in two independent cohorts: LifeLines II (n = 5260) and the Vlagtwedde-Vlaardingen cohort (n = 1529). The interaction estimates of the replication cohorts were meta-analyzed using PLINK. Replication was achieved when the meta-analysis p-value was <0.05 and the interaction effect had the same direction as in the identification cohort. Additionally, we assessed whether replicated SNPs associated with gene expression by analyzing if they were cis-acting expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) in lung tissue. In the replication meta-analysis, sixteen out of 477 identified SNP-by-occupational exposure interactions had a p-value <0.05 and 9 of these interactions had the same direction as in the identification cohort. Several identified loci were plausible candidates for respiratory symptoms, such as TMPRSS9, SERPINH1, TOX3, and ARHGAP18. Three replicated SNPs were cis-eQTLs for FCER1A, CHN1, and TIMM13 in lung tissue. Taken together, this genome-wide SNP-by-occupational exposure interaction study in relation to cough, dyspnea, and phlegm identified several suggestive susceptibility genes. Further research should determine if these genes are true susceptibility loci for respiratory symptoms in relation to occupational exposures

The medical threat of mamba envenoming in sub-Saharan Africa revealed by genus-wide analysis of venom composition, toxicity and antivenomics profiling of available antivenoms

Mambas (genus Dendroaspis) are among the most feared of the medically important elapid snakes found in sub-Saharan Africa, but many facets of their biology, including the diversity of venom composition, remain relatively understudied. Here, we present a reconstruction of mamba phylogeny, alongside genus-wide venom gland transcriptomic and high-resolution top-down venomic analyses. Whereas the green mambas, D. viridis, D. angusticeps, D. j. jamesoni and D. j. kaimosae, express 3FTx-predominant venoms, black mamba (D. polylepis) venom is dominated by dendrotoxins I and K. The divergent terrestrial ecology of D. polylepis compared to the arboreal niche occupied by all other mambas makes it plausible that this major difference in venom composition is due to dietary variation. The pattern of intrageneric venom variability across Dendroaspis represented a valuable opportunity to investigate, in a genus-wide context, the variant toxicity of the venom, and the degree of paraspecific cross-reactivity between antivenoms and mamba venoms. To this end, the immunological profiles of the five mamba venoms were assessed against a panel of commercial antivenoms generated for the sub-Saharan Africa market. This study provides a genus-wide overview of which available antivenoms may be more efficacious in neutralising human envenomings caused by mambas, irrespective of the species responsible. The information gathered in this study lays the foundations for rationalising the notably different potency and pharmacological profiles of Dendroaspis venoms at locus resolution. This understanding will allow selection and design of toxin immunogens with a view to generating a safer and more efficacious pan-specific antivenom against any mamba envenomation

Large-scale genome-wide association studies and meta-analyses of longitudinal change in adult lung function.

BACKGROUND: Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified numerous loci influencing cross-sectional lung function, but less is known about genes influencing longitudinal change in lung function. METHODS: We performed GWAS of the rate of change in forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) in 14 longitudinal, population-based cohort studies comprising 27,249 adults of European ancestry using linear mixed effects model and combined cohort-specific results using fixed effect meta-analysis to identify novel genetic loci associated with longitudinal change in lung function. Gene expression analyses were subsequently performed for identified genetic loci. As a secondary aim, we estimated the mean rate of decline in FEV1 by smoking pattern, irrespective of genotypes, across these 14 studies using meta-analysis. RESULTS: The overall meta-analysis produced suggestive evidence for association at the novel IL16/STARD5/TMC3 locus on chromosome 15 (P  =  5.71 × 10(-7)). In addition, meta-analysis using the five cohorts with ≥3 FEV1 measurements per participant identified the novel ME3 locus on chromosome 11 (P  =  2.18 × 10(-8)) at genome-wide significance. Neither locus was associated with FEV1 decline in two additional cohort studies. We confirmed gene expression of IL16, STARD5, and ME3 in multiple lung tissues. Publicly available microarray data confirmed differential expression of all three genes in lung samples from COPD patients compared with controls. Irrespective of genotypes, the combined estimate for FEV1 decline was 26.9, 29.2 and 35.7 mL/year in never, former, and persistent smokers, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In this large-scale GWAS, we identified two novel genetic loci in association with the rate of change in FEV1 that harbor candidate genes with biologically plausible functional links to lung function

Association between perceived built environmental attributes and physical activity among adults in South Africa

Background: To investigate the association between perceived environmental attributes and leisure-time and transport-related physical activity. Methods: This was a cross-sectional survey involving 671 South Africans aged ?35 years from urban and rural settings. International Physical Activity Questionnaire and Neighbourhood Walkability Scale were used to collect data. Multivariable logistic regressions were used to investigate the associations. Results: Significant urban vs. rural differences were apparent in the distribution of most attributes of neighborhood environment. After adjusting for gender, age, setting and relevant interaction terms, proximity to local stores was significantly associated with leisure-time physical activity (OR: 4.26; 95% CI, 1.00-18.08); while proximity to transit stops (2.44; 1.48-4.02), pleasant scenery (1.93; 1.07-3.46), sidewalks (2.36; 1.25-4.44), shade from trees (2.14; 1.19-3.85), traffic (2.17; 91.21-3.91) and well-lit streets (2.01; 1.04-3.89) were significantly associated with walking for leisure. Four-way intersections (4.54; 1.54-13.43), pleasant scenery (3.84; 1.35-10.99), traffic (0.28; 0.09-0.89), sidewalks (3.75; 1.06-13.27) and crosswalks were associated with transport related physical activity. Proximity to transit stops (2.12; 1.17-3.84) and well maintained sidewalks (2.69; 2.20-10.02) were significantly associated with total physical activity. Significant interactions by setting were apparent in some of the associations. Conclusion: Some, but not all attributes of a neighborhood environment were significantly associated in expected directions with the three physical activity domains in this mixed urban and rural population. This study highlights the need for policy strategies aimed at improving or maintaining these perceived environmental attributes to promote physical activity.IS