EPUAP classification system for pressure ulcers: European reliability study

‘The definitive version is available at www3.interscience.wiley.com .' Copyright Blackwell PublishingPeer reviewe

Extreme Ultra-Violet Spectroscopy of the Lower Solar Atmosphere During Solar Flares

The extreme ultraviolet portion of the solar spectrum contains a wealth of diagnostic tools for probing the lower solar atmosphere in response to an injection of energy, particularly during the impulsive phase of solar flares. These include temperature and density sensitive line ratios, Doppler shifted emission lines and nonthermal broadening, abundance measurements, differential emission measure profiles, and continuum temperatures and energetics, among others. In this paper I shall review some of the advances made in recent years using these techniques, focusing primarily on studies that have utilized data from Hinode/EIS and SDO/EVE, while also providing some historical background and a summary of future spectroscopic instrumentation.Comment: 34 pages, 8 figures. Submitted to Solar Physics as part of the Topical Issue on Solar and Stellar Flare

Atomic step contrast from forbidden reflections

Diffraction contrast from weak 1/3 {422} reflections, observed in 〈111〉 diffraction patterns from gold, has been explained in terms of atomic steps on the (111) surface. It has been assumed from structure factor considerations that these reflections extinguish at an integral number n of complete unit cells, i.e. after every third (111) atomic layer. We show that this assumption is not valid unless the crystal is oriented with this reflection in the exact Bragg orientation. As the crystal is tilted away from the Bragg condition, extinction of the 1/3 {422} beam no longer occurs when the crystal is an integral number of unit cells thick. For tilts of about 5° from the zone axis, extinction may occur for instance after every sixth (111) layer. This phenomenon is explained using a kinematic scattering argument based on the multislice approach, where the phase of the scattered amplitude between successive layers depends on tilt from the 〈111〉 zone axis. Experiment is correlated with dynamical many-beam multislice calculations