КРИМІНАЛІСТИЧНЕ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ НАПІВСИНТЕТИЧНИХ МОТОРНИХ ОЛИВ ІНОЗЕМНОГО ТА ВІТЧИЗНЯНОГО ВИРОБНИЦТВА

Characteristics of engine oils exterior in spectrum UV region, solubility parametres are determined. By results of research it’s established that all types of the investigated engine oils are characterized by similar colour characteristics, ability to solubility in liquids of various nature and polarity. The results of researches of structurally-group composition of some semisynthetic oils offoreign and domestic production with the use of methods of thin-layer chromatography and IR-spectroscopy are presented. The use of IR-spectroscopy method gives the basic information on the structure of investigated objects under condition of registration of corresponding absorption bands, and also makes it possible to detect the presence ofadditives ofantioxidant, dispersive and viscous purpose. An obstacle for reliable interpretation of IR spectra at an establishment of oil concrete type (mineral, semisynthetic or synthetic) is the presence of common intensive absorption bands, and also imposing of more intensive bands on less intensive (masking). Efficiency of this method use for an establishment of oil type is situational. It depends on composition which is defined by the manufacturer. In order to obtain more informative IR spectra we may recommend a classical method of registration - using liquid cuvettes or in a thin layer between the plates made from KBr. The use of the thin-layer chromatography method has shown possibility of semisynthetic oils differentiation from mineral and synthetic oils under condition of complex processing of chromatograms with the Marki reactant, iodine vapors and examination in UV-beams. It’s ascertained that received chromatograms of semisynthetic oils have an overall separation pattern with motor and synthetic oils. At that chromatograms of mineral and synthetic oils essentially differfrom each other. Thus, attributing oils to semisynthetic becomes possible when obtaining a chromatographic separation pattern in a thin layer of a sorbent at set of signs characteristic both for mineral and for synthetic oils.Установлено характеристики зовнішнього вигляду моторних олив в УФ-променях, параметри розчинності. Наведено результати досліджень структурно-групового складу деяких напівсинтетичних олив іноземного й вітчизняного виробництва із використанням методів тонкошарової хроматографії та ІЧ-спектроскопії. Визначено відмінності в спектральних характеристиках напівсинтетичних олив від моторних олив. Показано, що найбільш інформативним методом, який дозволяє виявляти характеристичні ознаки напівсинтетичних олив, є метод тонкошарової хроматографії. При цьому картина хроматографічного розділення напівсинтетичних олив при огляді хроматографічних пластинок в УФ-променях, обробленні парами йоду та реактивом Маркі включає ряд зон, характерних як для мінеральних, так і для синтетичних олив

On Solving the Coronal Heating Problem

This article assesses the current state of understanding of coronal heating, outlines the key elements of a comprehensive strategy for solving the problem, and warns of obstacles that must be overcome along the way.Comment: Accepted by Solar Physics; Published by Solar Physic

What is the Nature of EUV Waves? First STEREO 3D Observations and Comparison with Theoretical Models

One of the major discoveries of the Extreme ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (EIT) on SOHO were intensity enhancements propagating over a large fraction of the solar surface. The physical origin(s) of the so-called `EIT' waves is still strongly debated. They are considered to be either wave (primarily fast-mode MHD waves) or non-wave (pseudo-wave) interpretations. The difficulty in understanding the nature of EUV waves lies with the limitations of the EIT observations which have been used almost exclusively for their study. Their limitations are largely overcome by the SECCHI/EUVI observations on-board the STEREO mission. The EUVI telescopes provide high cadence, simultaneous multi-temperature coverage, and two well-separated viewpoints. We present here the first detailed analysis of an EUV wave observed by the EUVI disk imagers on December 07, 2007 when the STEREO spacecraft separation was $\approx 45^\circ$. Both a small flare and a CME were associated with the wave cadence, and single temperature and viewpoint coverage. These limitations are largely overcome by the SECCHI/EUVI observations on-board the STEREO mission. The EUVI telescopes provide high cadence, simultaneous multi-temperature coverage, and two well-separated viewpoints. Our findings give significant support for a fast-mode interpretation of EUV waves and indicate that they are probably triggered by the rapid expansion of the loops associated with the CME.Comment: Solar Physics, 2009, Special STEREO Issue, in pres

Multiwavelength studies of MHD waves in the solar chromosphere: An overview of recent results

The chromosphere is a thin layer of the solar atmosphere that bridges the relatively cool photosphere and the intensely heated transition region and corona. Compressible and incompressible waves propagating through the chromosphere can supply significant amounts of energy to the interface region and corona. In recent years an abundance of high-resolution observations from state-of-the-art facilities have provided new and exciting ways of disentangling the characteristics of oscillatory phenomena propagating through the dynamic chromosphere. Coupled with rapid advancements in magnetohydrodynamic wave theory, we are now in an ideal position to thoroughly investigate the role waves play in supplying energy to sustain chromospheric and coronal heating. Here, we review the recent progress made in characterising, categorising and interpreting oscillations manifesting in the solar chromosphere, with an impetus placed on their intrinsic energetics.Comment: 48 pages, 25 figures, accepted into Space Science Review

Physics of Solar Prominences: II - Magnetic Structure and Dynamics

Observations and models of solar prominences are reviewed. We focus on non-eruptive prominences, and describe recent progress in four areas of prominence research: (1) magnetic structure deduced from observations and models, (2) the dynamics of prominence plasmas (formation and flows), (3) Magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) waves in prominences and (4) the formation and large-scale patterns of the filament channels in which prominences are located. Finally, several outstanding issues in prominence research are discussed, along with observations and models required to resolve them.Comment: 75 pages, 31 pictures, review pape

Origins of the Ambient Solar Wind: Implications for Space Weather

The Sun's outer atmosphere is heated to temperatures of millions of degrees, and solar plasma flows out into interplanetary space at supersonic speeds. This paper reviews our current understanding of these interrelated problems: coronal heating and the acceleration of the ambient solar wind. We also discuss where the community stands in its ability to forecast how variations in the solar wind (i.e., fast and slow wind streams) impact the Earth. Although the last few decades have seen significant progress in observations and modeling, we still do not have a complete understanding of the relevant physical processes, nor do we have a quantitatively precise census of which coronal structures contribute to specific types of solar wind. Fast streams are known to be connected to the central regions of large coronal holes. Slow streams, however, appear to come from a wide range of sources, including streamers, pseudostreamers, coronal loops, active regions, and coronal hole boundaries. Complicating our understanding even more is the fact that processes such as turbulence, stream-stream interactions, and Coulomb collisions can make it difficult to unambiguously map a parcel measured at 1 AU back down to its coronal source. We also review recent progress -- in theoretical modeling, observational data analysis, and forecasting techniques that sit at the interface between data and theory -- that gives us hope that the above problems are indeed solvable.Comment: Accepted for publication in Space Science Reviews. Special issue connected with a 2016 ISSI workshop on "The Scientific Foundations of Space Weather." 44 pages, 9 figure

The Origin, Early Evolution and Predictability of Solar Eruptions

Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) were discovered in the early 1970s when space-borne coronagraphs revealed that eruptions of plasma are ejected from the Sun. Today, it is known that the Sun produces eruptive flares, filament eruptions, coronal mass ejections and failed eruptions; all thought to be due to a release of energy stored in the coronal magnetic field during its drastic reconfiguration. This review discusses the observations and physical mechanisms behind this eruptive activity, with a view to making an assessment of the current capability of forecasting these events for space weather risk and impact mitigation. Whilst a wealth of observations exist, and detailed models have been developed, there still exists a need to draw these approaches together. In particular more realistic models are encouraged in order to asses the full range of complexity of the solar atmosphere and the criteria for which an eruption is formed. From the observational side, a more detailed understanding of the role of photospheric flows and reconnection is needed in order to identify the evolutionary path that ultimately means a magnetic structure will erupt

Successful "In Silico" Design of New Efficient Uranyl Binders

ISIDA (In Silico Design and Data Analysis) software have been used for computer-aided molecular design of novel monoamides that efficiently extract U(VI). A set of available experimental uranyl partition coefficients (logD) in a water/ toluene system for 19 monoamides has been used in order to establish quantitative relationships between the structure of the molecules and their extraction properties using different machine- learning methods (multi-linear regression analysis, associated neural networks, support vector machine). Then, developed structure-property models have been applied to screen a virtual combinatorial library containing about 10,500 molecules. Hits' selection has been performed taking into account for the extraction property of molecules, their aqueous solubility (potential extractants must not be soluble in water), and synthetic feasibility. Selected 21 hits have been synthesized and studied experimentally as uranyl extractants using the same protocol as for the molecules from the initial data set. Experiment shows that the theoretical calculations reasonably well predict logD values for novel compounds. The data set of novel monoamides has been significantly enriched by efficient uranyl binders. One of the novel molecules displays a slightly larger affinity for uranyl than previously known extractant