Prospects for an integrated control of Loranthaceae species parasitizing Vitellaria paradoxa C. F. Gaertn in Burkina Faso

This study investigated the potential components of an integrated management of Loranthaceae species (mistletoes) which constitute a major constraint to the survival and fruit production of many trees such as Vitellaria paradoxa in West Africa. Three types of pruning, five doses of each of two herbicides and host resistance were evaluated in mistletoe-infested parklands. Natural enemies were surveyed with a view to biological control. Pruning of the host branch along with the parasite’s haustorium (endophytic system) led to the total elimination of the parasite. When the endophytic system was spared, the time of pruning and species of parasite significantly influenced the number of sprout stalks per tuff. Their interaction was also significant. Death of at least 80% of treated Loranthaceae tufts was recorded for doses of 15 g l-1 of glyphosate and 20 g l-1 of 2,4-D. The artificial infestation of stands with parasite seeds revealed the likely existence of genetic resistance to mistletoe in V. paradoxa. The agroforestry parkland survey showed that birds, chiefly Pogoniulus chrysonocus, and insects are potential natural enemies of Loranthaceae. Results showed that Loranthaceae control could be achieved with techniques already used to successfully manage weeds. However, there is need to improve control components and their integration to successfully manage mistletoes in Burkina Faso.Keywords: Vitellaria paradoxa, Loranthaceae, mechanical, herbicides, host resistance, bio-contro

Integrated control of Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth. in Burkina Faso through host plant resistance, biocontrol and fertilizers

A two-year field study investigated integrated management of Striga hermonthica on sorghum through host crop resistance, biocontrol (Fusarium oxysporum isolate 34-FO), and fertilizer application. The experiment was conducted in a field with natural Striga infestation at Kouaré Research Station in Fada N’Gourma, Burkina Faso. Treatments combining sorghum resistance with Fusarium inoculum and N-fertilizer or manure significantly reduced emerged Striga plant number, plant vigour and dry biomass of Striga and the area under the Striga number progress curve (ASNPC) in 2002, as compared to the control. Integrated Striga Management (ISM) plots fertilized with urea, urea plus growth medium or urea plus manure associated with Fusarium inoculum resulted in improved sorghum grain yield of at least 15% in 2001 and of at least 97% in 2002. Economic analysis showed that the combination of sorghum resistance with fungal inoculum or urea at 200 kg ha-1 allowed for a significant financial profit in sorghum production. The results suggest that to reduce Striga infestation below economic threshold, ISM treatments should be consistently applied for several years without expecting very high returns.Keywords: Striga hermonthica, integrated control, Fusarium inoculum, Sorghum resistance, fertilization, Burkina Fas

Diagnostic moléculaire d’helicobacter pylori par PCR chez les patients en consultation gastroentérologique au Centre Médical Saint Camille de Ouagadougou

Introduction: L'infection par Helicobacter pylori constitue un problème de santé publique notamment dans les pays en développement. Elle entraine une gastrite pouvant évoluer vers des formes sévères d'ulcération et de transformation maligne. La présenté étude avait pour objectif de diagnostiquer H. pylori par des techniques sérologique et moléculaire au Burkina Faso. Méthodes: L'étude prospective a été conduite de mars à juin 2012 sur 70 patients venus en consultation dans le service de gastroentérologie au Centre Médical Saint Camille. Le diagnostic de H. pylori a été réalisé par le test ELISA Immunocomb (ORGENICS Ltd, Yavne, Israël) et la PCR sur des biopsies gastriques prélevées sur les patients. Résultats: Les pathologies gastroduodénales étaient plus fréquentes chez les patients de plus de 45 ans. Les prévalences de H. pylori étaient respectivement de 88,57% et de 91,43% par sérologie Immunocomb et par PCR. La différence entre les deux techniques n'était pas significative (P = 0,573). La performance de la PCR a été comparée à celle de la technique Immunocomb. Les résultats montrent une sensibilité et une spécificité de 92,2% et 50,0% pour la technique Immunocomb. Conclusion: Le diagnostic de H. pylori par PCR est plus spécifique que le test sérologique Immunocomb et devrait être introduit dans le diagnostic de routine de cette bactérie pathogène au Burkina Faso

Worldwide trends in population-based survival for children, adolescents, and young adults diagnosed with leukaemia, by subtype, during 2000–14 (CONCORD-3) : analysis of individual data from 258 cancer registries in 61 countries

Background Leukaemias comprise a heterogenous group of haematological malignancies. In CONCORD-3, we analysed data for children (aged 0–14 years) and adults (aged 15–99 years) diagnosed with a haematological malignancy during 2000–14 in 61 countries. Here, we aimed to examine worldwide trends in survival from leukaemia, by age and morphology, in young patients (aged 0–24 years). Methods We analysed data from 258 population-based cancer registries in 61 countries participating in CONCORD-3 that submitted data on patients diagnosed with leukaemia. We grouped patients by age as children (0–14 years), adolescents (15–19 years), and young adults (20–24 years). We categorised leukaemia subtypes according to the International Classification of Childhood Cancer (ICCC-3), updated with International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, third edition (ICD-O-3) codes. We estimated 5-year net survival by age and morphology, with 95% CIs, using the non-parametric Pohar-Perme estimator. To control for background mortality, we used life tables by country or region, single year of age, single calendar year and sex, and, where possible, by race or ethnicity. All-age survival estimates were standardised to the marginal distribution of young people with leukaemia included in the analysis. Findings 164563 young people were included in this analysis: 121328 (73·7%) children, 22963 (14·0%) adolescents, and 20272 (12·3%) young adults. In 2010–14, the most common subtypes were lymphoid leukaemia (28205 [68·2%] patients) and acute myeloid leukaemia (7863 [19·0%] patients). Age-standardised 5-year net survival in children, adolescents, and young adults for all leukaemias combined during 2010–14 varied widely, ranging from 46% in Mexico to more than 85% in Canada, Cyprus, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, and Australia. Individuals with lymphoid leukaemia had better age-standardised survival (from 43% in Ecuador to ≥80% in parts of Europe, North America, Oceania, and Asia) than those with acute myeloid leukaemia (from 32% in Peru to ≥70% in most high-income countries in Europe, North America, and Oceania). Throughout 2000–14, survival from all leukaemias combined remained consistently higher for children than adolescents and young adults, and minimal improvement was seen for adolescents and young adults in most countries. Interpretation This study offers the first worldwide picture of population-based survival from leukaemia in children, adolescents, and young adults. Adolescents and young adults diagnosed with leukaemia continue to have lower survival than children. Trends in survival from leukaemia for adolescents and young adults are important indicators of the quality of cancer management in this age group.peer-reviewe

Global survival trends for brain tumors, by histology: analysis of individual records for 556,237 adults diagnosed in 59 countries during 2000–2014 (CONCORD-3)

Background: Survival is a key metric of the effectiveness of a health system in managing cancer. We set out to provide a comprehensive examination of worldwide variation and trends in survival from brain tumors in adults, by histology. Methods: We analyzed individual data for adults (15–99 years) diagnosed with a brain tumor (ICD-O-3 topography code C71) during 2000–2014, regardless of tumor behavior. Data underwent a 3-phase quality control as part of CONCORD-3. We estimated net survival for 11 histology groups, using the unbiased nonparametric Pohar Perme estimator. Results: The study included 556,237 adults. In 2010–2014, the global range in age-standardized 5-year net survival for the most common sub-types was broad: in the range 20%–38% for diffuse and anaplastic astrocytoma, from 4% to 17% for glioblastoma, and between 32% and 69% for oligodendroglioma. For patients with glioblastoma, the largest gains in survival occurred between 2000–2004 and 2005–2009. These improvements were more noticeable among adults diagnosed aged 40–70 years than among younger adults. Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the largest account to date of global trends in population-based survival for brain tumors by histology in adults. We have highlighted remarkable gains in 5-year survival from glioblastoma since 2005, providing large-scale empirical evidence on the uptake of chemoradiation at population level. Worldwide, survival improvements have been extensive, but some countries still lag behind. Our findings may help clinicians involved in national and international tumor pathway boards to promote initiatives aimed at more extensive implementation of clinical guidelines

Etude de la dynamique de la macrofaune du sol en culture d’ognon sous usage de diverses pratiques agricoles

La dynamique de la macrofaune du sol en culture d’ognon (Alium cepa) a été étudiée huit semaines après le repiquage des plants. Les expérimentations ont été conduites en 2013 et 2014 au Centre de Recherches Environnementales et Agricoles et de Formation de Kamboinsé de l’Institut de l’Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles (INERA). L’objectif était d’étudier l’influence des différentes pratiques agricoles appliquées sur la faune du sol. La macrofaune a été échantillonnée par une méthode standard TSBF. Les termites ont été échantillonnés par la méthode des monolithes et par une fouille aléatoire sur un transect autour du monolithe. Les vers de terre et les autres groupes de la macrofaune du sol ont été échantillonnés uniquement par monolithes. Au total douze (12) espèces d’insectes et deux (02) espèces de vers de terre ont été enregistrées sous les dix (10) traitements appliqués sur le dispositif expérimental. Pour les insectes, ce sont : Cubitermes sp, Odontotermes akengeensis, Odontotermes silvaticus, Monomorium bicolor, Tetramorium sericciventre, Dorylus sp, Pachycondyla senaerensis, Componotus maculatus, Monomorium abyssinicum, Monomorium sp, Feronia sp, Nysius sp. Les vers de terre identifiés sont Milsonia inermis et Dichogaster affinis. Les traitements avec apport de fumure organique ont connu une macrofaune plus abondance en comparaison à ceux avec fumure minérale. L’application de l’herbicide de prélevé n’a pas eu d’effet sur les communautés de faune du sol étudiés. A l’intérieur des traitements, les groupes de faune du sol ont réagit différemment face aux traitements appliqués.Mots clés: ognon, macrofaune du sol, désherbage, pratiques agricolesEnglish Title: Study of the dynamics of soil macrofauna in onion by using various agricultural practicesEnglish AbstractThe dynamics of soil macrofauna in onion cultivation (Alium cepa) was studied eight weeks after transplanting the seedlings. The experiments were conducted in 2013 and 2014 at the Centre for Environmental and Agricultural Research and Training of the Institute of the Environment and Agricultural Research (INERA). The objective was to study the effect of different agricultural practices on soilfauna. Macrofauna was sampled by a standard method TSBF. Termites were sampled by monolith method and by a random search on a transect around the monolith. Earthworms and other soil macrofauna groups were sampled only by monoliths. In total eleven (12) and two species of insects (02) earthworm species have been recorded in the ten (10) treatments applied on experimental design. For insects, these are: Cubitermes sp, Odontotermes akengeensis, Odontotermes silvaticus, Monomorium bicolor, Tetramorium sericciventre, Dorylus sp Pachycondyla senaerensis, Componotus maculatus, Monomorium abyssinicum, Monomorium sp, Feronia sp, Nysius sp. Earthworms identified were Milsonia inermis and Dichogaster affinis. Treatments with organic manure were more abundant of soil macrofauna compared to those with added mineral fertilizers. The  application of herbicide removed had no effect on communities of soil fauna studied. Inside the treatment, soil fauna groups react differently to treatments applied.Keywords: onion, soil macrofauna, weeding, agricultural practice

Etat d’infestation, connaissance endogène et approche systématique des espèces du genre Striga au Burkina Faso

Des prospections de terrain ont été réalisées dans les trois domaines phytogéographiques du Burkina Faso pour inventorier les espèces de Striga, identifier leurs plantes hôtes et déterminer leur distribution géographique sur le territoire. Des enquêtes ont également été effectuées auprès des chercheurs, des agriculteurs et d’autres populations rurales pour appréhender leurs appréciations sur l’utilisation et les stratégies locales de lutte contre ces plantes parasites. Les prospections ont montré que le territoire est infesté par au moins 13 espèces de Striga, parmi lesquelles la présence de S. forbesii a été révélée pour la première fois au Burkina Faso. L’incidence économique des 13 espèces de Striga varie selon les conditions agro-écologiques locales et le type de culture pratiqué. S. hermonthica, S. gesnerioides et S. aspera sont dans l’ordre décroissant de virulence, les trois principales plantes parasites qui attaquent les cultures vivrières du pays. Des méthodes paysannes ont été recensées et les plus courantes sont l’arrachage et le sarclage manuels. Parmi les espèces de Striga inventoriées, seule S. hermonthica est connue pour ses vertus thérapeutiques et est aussi utilisée dans des systèmes tinctoriaux.Keywords: Striga spp., infestation, distribution géographique, hôtes, perception endogène, Burkina Fas

Biological Control of Witch Weed in Fields of Burkina Faso Using Isolates of Fusarium oxysporum

Fifteen Fusarium oxysporum isolates from diseased parasitic weeds ( Striga hermonthica plants) were evaluated over two years (1997-98) to identify the most effective isolates for the control of the parasite in infested sorghum fields in Burkina Faso. In both years the fungus was found to reduce Striga infection in sorghum by 50% although no significant differences were found among the 15 isolates in this respect. In 1997, Striga emergence was delayed by 10 days and the 47% reduction in Striga biomass is attributed to the effects of fungal isolates, whereas in 1998, Fusarium reduced emerged Striga densities by 45%. However, there is need for improved bioherbicide formulations and delivery systems to enhance the potential role of biological control for integrated management of the parasite in Burkina Faso.Quinze Fusarium oxysporum isolés des mauvaises herbes (plante de Striga hermonthica ) étaient évalués pour une période de plus de deux ans (1997-1998) pour identifier les isolés les plus efficaces pour le contrôle de parasites dans les champs de sorgho infectés au Burkina Faso. Pour les deux ans les champignons avaient significativement réduis les infections dues au Striga par 50% même si les quinze isolés n'étaient pas significativement différents. En 1997, l'émergence du striga avait retardé de 10 jours et le 47% réduction de la biomasse du Striga était attribuée aux isolés de champignons, alors qu'en 1998, Fusarium avait réduit la densité du Striga émergeant par 45%. Cependant, il y a nécessité d'améliorer formulation des bio-herbicides et du système de livraison pour augmenter le rôle potentiel du contrôle biologique pour une gestion intégrée de parasites au Burkina Faso

Biological Control Of Witch Weed In Fields Of Burkina Faso Using Isolates Of Fusarium oxysporum

Fifteen Fusarium oxysporum isolates from diseased parasitic weeds (Striga hermonthica plants) were evaluated over two years (1997-98) to identify the most effective isolates for the control of the parasite in infested sorghum fields in Burkina Faso. In both years the fungus was found to reduce Striga infection in sorghum by 50% although no significant differences were found among the 15 isolates in this respect. In 1997, Striga emergence was delayed by 10 days and the 47% reduction in Striga biomass is attributed to the effects of fungal isolates, whereas in 1998, Fusarium reduced emerged Striga densities by 45%. However, there is need for improved bioherbicide formulations and delivery systems to enhance the potential role of biological control for integrated management of the parasite in Burkina Faso. Key Words: Biological control, Fusarium oxysporum, Sorghum bicolor, Striga hermonthica RESUME Quinze Fusarium oxysporum isolés des mauvaises herbes (plante de Striga hermonthica) étaient évalués pour une période de plus de deux ans (1997-1998) pour identifier les isolés les plus efficaces pour le contrôle de parasites dans les champs de sorgho infectés au Burkina Faso. Pour les deux ans les champignons avaient significativement réduis les infections dues au Striga par 50% même si les quinze isolés n\'étaient pas significativement différents. En 1997, l\'émergence du striga avait retardé de 10 jours et le 47% réduction de la biomasse du Striga était attribuée aux isolés de champignons, alors qu\'en 1998, Fusarium avait réduit la densité du Striga émergeant par 45%. Cependant, il y a nécessité d\'améliorer formulation des bio-herbicides et du système de livraison pour augmenter le rôle potentiel du contrôle biologique pour une gestion intégrée de parasites au Burkina Faso. Mots Clés: Contrôle biologique, Fusarium oxysporum, Sorghum bicolor, Striga hermonthica African Crop Science Journal Vol. 13 (1) 2005: 41-4

Groundwater storage change estimation using combination of hydrogeophysical and groundwater table fluctuation methods in hard rock aquifers

This study aims to estimate the groundwater storage change of hard rock aquifers in the face of change. For this, the approach developed consisted initially in the implementation of 5 Magnetic Resonance Soundings (MRS) around the observation wells realized and monitored from 2014 to 2015 in the Sanon experimental site. In a second step, we determined the storage change using the MRS data and the water table fluctuation method. The MRS data show that the water content varies spatially from 4.5 to 1.3%. The maximum value is recorded at the central valley where a piezometric dome is observed. The specific yield varies from 2.4% in the central valley to 1.3% at the outlet. The renewed water resource is estimated at 116 mm in the central valley and 32 mm at the outlet, which corresponds respectively to 13 and 3% of the annual rainfall. The renewed water resource is consistent with the annual recharge. Thus, the combination of the MRS geophysical approach and water table fluctuation method is an efficient, fast and cheaper (compared with long-term pumping test) tool for the estimation of groundwater storage changes