Simmental Breed Production Characteristics and Breeding Goals

This paper presents the most important production results obtained for the population of Simmetal breed raised in majority of the European countries which with a total population of about 9 million animals rates as the second biggest important cattle breed in Europe. Breeding goals from previous period were analysed along with newly defined breeding goals in some Simmental breed populations. Current mean values for milk yield of Simmental cows in standard lactation in the European countries range from 5500 to 7500 kg. Depending on the Simmental breed population in most countries a breeding goal set for first lactation cows is milk yield of 5500 or 6000 kg with 4.0% milk fat and 3.5% protein, while in cows who finished their third lactation required milk production is more than 7000 kg for Simmental breed, over 8000 kg for Simmental breed with share of Red and White Holstein genes and over 8500 kg for Montbeliard breed. A special emphasis is given on the prolonging of the duration of life and production span. During life span the demand is to produce minimum 30 000 kg milk/cow. This demand can be realised if functional traits in breeding goal participate with over 40 % with proper implementation of improvement programme. As for the traits that are significant for meat production, depending on the population, defined breeding goal for daily liveweight gain are values above 1500 g/day (i.e. 1400 g /day) for Simmental male bullcalves

Analyzing Feshbach resonances -- A 6^6Li -133^{133}Cs case study

We provide a comprehensive comparison of a coupled channels calculation, the asymptotic bound state model (ABM), and the multichannel quantum defect theory (MQDT). Quantitative results for $^6$Li -$^{133}$Cs are presented and compared to previously measured $^6$Li -$^{133}$Cs Feshbach resonances (FRs) [M. Repp et al., Phys. Rev. A 87 010701(R) (2013)]. We demonstrate how the accuracy of the ABM can be stepwise improved by including magnetic dipole-dipole interactions and coupling to a non-dominant virtual state. We present a MQDT calculation, where magnetic dipole-dipole and second order spin-orbit interactions are included. A frame transformation formalism is introduced, which allows the assignment of measured FRs with only three parameters. All three models achieve a total rms error of < 1G on the observed FRs. We critically compare the different models in view of the accuracy for the description of FRs and the required input parameters for the calculations.Comment: 16 pages, 3 figures, 1 tabl

Thin, high atomic weight refractory film deposition for diffusion barrier, adhesion layer, and seed layer applications

Thin, nearly conformal films are required for semiconductor applications to function as diffusion barriers, adhesion layers and seed layers within trenches and vias. The deposition of high mass refractory films with conventional, noncollimated magnetron sputtering at low pressures shows better-than-expected conformality which is dependent on the degree of directionality of the depositing atoms: the conformality increases as the directionality increases. The primary cause appears to be a strongly angle-dependent reflection coefficient for the depositing metal atoms. As the deposition is made more directional by increasing the cathode-to-sample distance, the depositing atoms are more likely to reflect from the steep sidewalls, leading to better conformality as well as a less columnar film structure. © 1996 American Vacuum Society.S. M. Rossnagel et al., Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures Processing, Measurement, and Phenomena 14, 1819 (1996) https://doi.org/10.1116/1.58856

Unraveling the deposition mechanism in a-C:H thin-film growth : a molecular-dynamics study for the reaction behavior of C3 and C3H radicals with a-C:H surfaces

In this mol.-dynamics study, we present the simulated growth of thin a-C:H films using the Brenner [Phys. Rev. B 42, 9458 (1990)] potential. These simulations are relevant for the growth of thin films, grown using low-energy hydrocarbons. In this work, we investigate the reaction mechanisms of both the linear and the cyclic isomers of C3 and C3H on an a-C:H surface. We found that the cyclic species are always more reactive as compared to the linear species, due to their lower stability. The C3 species are found to be more reactive than the C3H species, due to steric hindrance of the H atom, shielding the C atom from the surface. The different mechanisms are discussed. The resulting film properties for different flux ratios of C3 and C3H have also been investigated. It is shown that films as deposited from C3 and C3H have a low d. and show low crosslinking. A clear change in microstructure is obsd. as the ratio between the cyclic and the linear species changes. These simulations provide insights into the reaction behavior of the investigated species, and how this influences the resulting film properties. [on SciFinder (R)

Assessment of erosion and surface tritium inventory issues for the ITER divertor

The authors analyzed sputtering erosion and tritium codeposition for the ITER vertical target divertor design using erosion and plasma codes (WBC/REDEP/DEGAS+) coupled to available materials data. Computations were made for a beryllium, carbon, and tungsten coated divertor plate, and for three edged plasma regimes. New data on tritium codeposition in beryllium was obtained with the TPE facility. This shows codeposited H/Be ratios of the order of 10% for surface temperatures {le} 300 C, beryllium thereby being similar to carbon in this respect. Hydrocarbon transport calculations show significant loss (10--20%) of chemically sputtered carbon for detached conditions (T{sub e} {approx} 1 eV at the divertor), compared to essentially no loss (100% redeposition) for higher temperature plasmas. Calculations also show a high, non-thermal, D-T molecular flux for detached conditions. Tritium codeposition rates for carbon are very high for detached conditions ({approximately} 20g-T/1000 s discharge), due to buildup of chemically sputtered carbon on relatively cold surfaces of the divertor cassette. Codeposition is lower ({approximately} 10X) for higher edge temperatures ({approximately} 8--30 eV) and is primarily due to divertor plate buildup of physically sputtered carbon. Peak net erosion rates for carbon are of order 30 cm/burn-yr. Erosion and codeposition rates for beryllium are much lower than for carbon at detached conditions, but are similar to carbon for the higher temperatures. Both erosion and tritium codeposition are essentially nil for tungsten for the regimes studied

Somatic and Vicarious Pain are Represented by Dissociable Multivariate Brain Patterns

Understanding how humans represent others’ pain is critical for understanding pro-social behavior. ‘Shared experience’ theories propose common brain representations for somatic and vicarious pain, but other evidence suggests that specialized circuits are required to experience others’ suffering. Combining functional neuroimaging with multivariate pattern analyses, we identified dissociable patterns that predicted somatic (high versus low: 100%) and vicarious (high versus low: 100%) pain intensity in out-of-sample individuals. Critically, each pattern was at chance in predicting the other experience, demonstrating separate modifiability of both patterns. Somatotopy (upper versus lower limb: 93% accuracy for both conditions) was also distinct, located in somatosensory versus mentalizing-related circuits for somatic and vicarious pain, respectively. Two additional studies demonstrated the generalizability of the somatic pain pattern (which was originally developed on thermal pain) to mechanical and electrical pain, and also demonstrated the replicability of the somatic/vicarious dissociation. These findings suggest possible mechanisms underlying limitations in feeling others’ pain, and present new, more specific, brain targets for studying pain empathy

THE EFFECT OF PROTEIN SOURCE ON PARAMETERS OF RUMEN CONTENT AND DIGESTIBILITY OF NUTRIENTS IN FATTENING LAMBS

Abstract D. RuZiC-MusliCH, M. P. PetRoviCH, M. M. PetRoviCH, P. PeRisiCH, Z. BijeliCH, v. PanteliCH and v. CaRo-PetRoviCH, 2013. the effect of protein source on parameters of rumen content and digestibility of nutrients in fattening lambs. Bulg. J Agric. Sci., In this paper, results of the study of the effect of different protein sources in concentrate mixtures on fluid rumen content and digestibility of nutrients in fattening lambs are presented. Physiological study included 18 male lambs of Mis population, average body mass of approx, 35.0 kg, divided into three groups. Lambs were fed isoprotein concentrate mixtures (14% CP) which differed about protein source: sunflower meal (I), soybean meal (II) and fishmeal (III), resulting in different ratio of protein non-degradable in rumen: 43% (I), 51% (II) and 58% (iii), respectively. Content of ammonia nitrogen (nH 3 -N) in rumen fluid of fattening lambs in said treatments was 42.46: 33.86: 31.35 mg/100 ml. pH rumen value in treatments i: ii: iii were 6.56: 6.35: 6.15. Trial results show that the level of protein intake was not under significant influence of studied treatment, considering that digestibility coefficients were 52.58%: 51.30%: 55.12%. With the increase of the share of non-degradable protein in concentrate mixtures, the tendency of fat digestibility increase was observed: 76.13: 77.98: 87.17%, also of decrease of cellulose intake: 67.40: 45.87: 22.39% and nFe: 83.87: 76.05: 82.96%

Error mitigation, optimization, and extrapolation on a trapped ion testbed

Current noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) trapped-ion devices are subject to errors around 1% per gate for two-qubit gates. These errors significantly impact the accuracy of calculations if left unchecked. A form of error mitigation called Richardson extrapolation can reduce these errors without incurring a qubit overhead. We demonstrate and optimize this method on the Quantum Scientific Computing Open User Testbed (QSCOUT) trapped-ion device to solve an electronic structure problem. We explore different methods for integrating this error mitigation technique into the Variational Quantum Eigensolver (VQE) optimization algorithm for calculating the ground state of the HeH+ molecule at 0.8 Angstrom. We test two methods of scaling noise for extrapolation: time-stretching the two-qubit gates and inserting two-qubit gate identity operations into the ansatz circuit. We find the former fails to scale the noise on our particular hardware. Scaling our noise with global gate identity insertions and extrapolating only after a variational optimization routine, we achieve an absolute relative error of 0.363% +- 1.06 compared to the true ground state energy of HeH+. This corresponds to an absolute error of 0.01 +- 0.02 Hartree; outside chemical accuracy, but greatly improved over our non error mitigated estimate. We ultimately find that the efficacy of this error mitigation technique depends on choosing the right implementation for a given device architecture and sampling budget.Comment: 16 pages, 11 figure