VARIABILITY IN BODY SHAPE CHARACTERS IN AN INDIGENOUS GUINEA FOWL (NUMIDA MELEAGRIS L.)

ABSTRACT Morphometric traits (body length, wing length, neck length, shank length, thigh length, keel length, chest circumference) and body weight obtained from 82 adult (both sexes) Nigerian indigenous guinea fowl, domesticated by rural farmers in three communities of Lafia local government area of Nasarawa State, were determined in the study. The study was aimed at obtaining the sources of shared variability among the body shape characteristics in adult guinea fowl and predicting live weight using both original and orthogonal traits. Sex effect on the traits was not significant (P>0.05). Correlations between traits were ranging from 0.07 to 0.98. Body conformation "shape" was controlled by both common and unique factors, communalities ranges between 0.371 to 0.996 for wing length and keel length, respectively. Common sources of variability in body dimensions of the bird were accounted for by factors representing general size and chest circumference. Original body dimensions were better predictors of body weight than the orthogonal traits derived from factor analysis

THERMAL PROCESSING METHODS AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON NUTRIENTS AND ANTI-NUTRIENTS COMPOSITION OF FLAMBOYANT SEEDS DELONIX REGIA

The effect of different thermal processing methods on nutrients and anti-nutrients composition of Delonix regia (DR) seeds was investigated. The raw seeds were sorted to ensure homogeneity of product; raw samples were collected, crushed and tagged T1. At boiling point (100oC), another sample of the seeds was poured into tower aluminum pot containing 25litres of water; samples were taken after 40 minutes of boiling and tagged T2. The third sample (T3) was toasted using open pan for 40 minutes and crushed. Each sample of the treatments was replicated 3 times; the prepared samples were then taken for analyses. The results showed that cooking produced better (P<0.05) crude protein value of 35.49% while crude fibre was reduced significantly (P<0.05) compared to the raw; the concentration of lysine (0.39%) and tryptophan (0.73%) were significantly (P<0.05) higher when toasted compared to the other treatment methods. Similarly, ash content was significantly (P<0.05) higher in raw (7.99%) and cooked (7.64%) compared to the toasted seeds. Cooking and toasting significantly (P<0.05) reduced acid detergent fibre, acid detergent lignin and cellulose. Cooking also significantly (P<0.05) increased trypsin inhibitor activity, TIA (12.06 mg/100g) but reduced phytate (0.11 vs. 0.14 mg/100g) for T2 and T3, respectively. In view of the findings of this study, cooking and or toasting DR seeds can serve as an alternative protein source for most monogastric animals considering its rich nutrient composition

On-Orbit Results of Photoelectron Current Measurement System in Low Earth Orbit on HORYU-IV Satellite

On-orbit photoelectron current experiment is one of the missions carried out with the less resource available from a HORYU-IV satellite, for measuring the current from metallic and insulator surfaces from air mass zero (AMO) spectrum. This is with the view to determined photoelectron potential of materials widely used in spacecraft in space. HORYU-IV also known as Arc Event Generator and Investigator satellite (AEGIS) is among HORYU satellite series of Kyushu Institute of Technology, which was launched on February 17, 2016 as a piggy-back on-board H-IIA rocket. The measurement system consists of current-voltage amplifier circuits for Au, Kapton and Black Kapton samples with varying gains and other discrete components. We present the analysis of the telemetry data obtained after the launch; validate the effectiveness of the design and verification processes. The results show that the current measured from Black kapton sample surface had 1.80 nA and 2.70 nA, corresponds to 69.1ᵒ and 75.1ᵒ minimum and maximum elevation angles respectively. This paper described the on-orbit result of PEC and its verification through ground tests

Original Contribution RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOME BODY MEASUREMENTS AND LIVE WEIGHT IN ADULT MUSCOVY DUCKS USING PATH ANALYSIS

ABSTRACT Weight and body dimensions (body length (BL), chest circumference (CC), thigh length (TL), shank length (SL) and neck length (NL) were studied using 215 fifteen weeks male and female Nigerian indigenous Muscovy ducks by path analysis. The result showed that the correlation coefficient between live weight and body dimensions on the other hand were 0.89, .94, .87, .88 and .75 (male) and .29, .59, .41, .37, -.10 (female) for BL, CC, TL, SL and NL respectively. The direct effect of chest circumference was higher in both male and female (0.616, .571) with the neck length having the least and negative direct effects on weight for both sexes. Indirect effect of body length through chest circumference was also the highest .chest circumference is the most influential variable and can be included in the model in estimating live weight of both male and female Muscovy duck at 15 weeks of age

Readmission and death after an acute heart failure event: predictors and outcomes in sub-saharan africa: results from the thesus-hf registry

Aims: Contrary to elderly patients with ischaemic-related acute heart failure (AHF) typically enrolled in North American and European registries, patients enrolled in the sub-Saharan Africa Survey of Heart Failure (THESUS-HF) were middle-aged with AHF due primarily to non-ischaemic causes.We sought to describe factors prognostic of re-admission and death in this developing population. Methods and results: Prognostic models were developed from data collected on 1006 patients enrolled in THESUS-HF, a prospective registry of AHF patients in 12 hospitals in nine sub-Saharan African countries, mostly in Nigeria, Uganda, and South Africa. The main predictors of 60-day re-admission or death in a model excluding the geographic region were a history of malignancy and severe lung disease, admission systolic blood pressure, heart rate and signs of congestion (rales), kidney function (BUN), and echocardiographic ejection fraction. In a model including region, the Southern region had a higher risk. Age and admission sodium levels were not prognostic. Predictors of 180-day mortality included malignancy, severe lung disease, smoking history, systolic blood pressure, heart rate, and symptoms and signs of congestion (orthopnoea, peripheral oedema and rales) at admission, kidney dysfunction (BUN), anaemia, and HIV positivity. Discrimination was low for all models, similar to models for European and North American patients, suggesting that the main factors contributing to adverse outcomes are still unknown. Conclusion: Despite the differences in age and disease characteristics, the main predictors for 6 months mortality and combined 60 days re-admission and death are largely similar in sub-Saharan Africa as in the rest of the world, with some exceptions such as the association of the HIV status with mortality

Knowledge and Associated Risk Factors of Breast Cancer among Females in Karu Local Government Area, Nasarawa State, Nigeria

Breast cancer is the most common cause of cancer death in women worldwide. Many studies have identified delayed presentation, late-stage diagnosis, and inadequate treatment as the major challenges associated with poor breast cancer outcome. The number of deaths due to breast cancer is projected to increase in Nigeria. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to investigate knowledge and associated risk factors of breast cancer among females in Karu Local Government Area, Nasarawa State, Nigeria using standard methods with three hundred participants. Of the 300 participants, the majority (51.7%) have never undergone breast cancer screening like a self-breast examination, mammography, or clinical breast examination. This is a serious public health concern. The most perceived barrier to seeking timely screening for breast cancer was the lack of awareness (28%), followed by financial limitations (24.1%), fear of stigma (17.6%), lack of healthcare facilities (17.1%), and cultural beliefs (13.2%). There is a poor knowledge of breast cancer among the study participants. We advocated for breast cancer awareness campaigns and accessible screening services

Blood pressure gradients and cardiovascular risk factors in urban and rural populations in Abia State South Eastern Nigeria using the WHO STEPwise approach

Background: Developing countries of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) face a double burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and communicable diseases. As high blood pressure (BP) is a common global cardiovascular (CV) disorder associated with high morbidity and mortality, the relationship between gradients of BP and other CV risk factors was assessed in Abia State, Nigeria. Methods: Using the WHO STEPwise approach to surveillance of chronic disease risk factors, we conducted a populationbased cross-sectional survey in Abia state, Nigeria from August 2011 to March 2012. Data collected at various steps included: demographic and behavioral risk factors (Step 1); BP and anthropometric measurements (Step 2), and fasting blood cholesterol and glucose (Step 3). Results: Of the 2983 subjects with complete data for analysis, 52.1% were females and 53.2% were rural dwellers. Overall, the distribution of selected CV disease risk factors was diabetes (3.6%), hypertension (31.4%), cigarette smoking (13.3%), use of smokeless tobacco (4.8%), physical inactivity (64.2%) and being overweight or obese (33.7%). Presence of hypertension, excessive intake of alcohol, smoking (cigarette and smokeless tobacco) and physical inactivity occurred more frequently in males than in females (p,0.05); while low income, lack of any formal education and use of smokeless tobacco were seen more frequently in rural dwellers than in those living in urban areas (p,0.05). The frequency of selected CV risk factors increased as BP was graded from optimal, normal to hypertension; and high BP correlated with age, gender, smokeless tobacco, overweight or obesity, annual income and level of education. Conclusion: Given the high prevalence of hypertension in this part of Nigeria, there is an urgent need to focus on the reduction of preventable CV risk factors we have observed to be associated with hypertension, in order to effectively reduce the burden of NCDs in Africa.http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073403IS

Characterisation of heart failure with normal ejection fraction in a tertiary hospital in Nigeria

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The study aimed to determine the frequency and characteristics of heart failure with normal EF in a native African population with heart failure.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>It was a hospital cohort study. Subjects were 177 consecutive individuals with heart failure and ninety apparently normal control subjects. All the subjects underwent transthoracic echocardiography. The group with heart failure was further subdivided into heart failure with normal EF (EF ≥ 50) (HFNEF) and heart failure with low EF(EF <50)(HFLEF).</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The subjects with heart failure have a mean age of 52.3 ± 16.64 years vs 52.1 ± 11.84 years in the control subjects; p = 0.914. Other baseline characteristics except blood pressure parameters and height were comparable between the group with heart failure and the control subjects. The frequency of HFNEF was 39.5%. Compared with the HFLEF group, the HFNEF group have a smaller left ventricular diameter (in diastole and systole): (5.2 ± 1.22 cm vs 6.2 ± 1.39 cm; p < 0.0001 and 3.6 ± 1.24 cm vs 5.4 ± 1.35 cm;p < 0.0001) respectively, a higher relative wall thickness and deceleration time of the early mitral inflow velocity: (0.4 ± 0.12 vs 0.3 ± 0.14 p < 0.0001 and 149.6 ± 72.35 vs 110.9 ± 63.40 p = 0.001) respectively.</p> <p>The two groups with heart failure differed significantly from the control subjects in virtually all echocardiographic measurements except aortic root diameter, LV posterior wall thickness(HFLEF), and late mitral inflow velocity(HFNEF). HFNEF accounted for 70(39.5%) of cases of heart failure in this study.</p> <p>Hypertension is the underlying cardiovascular disease in 134(75.7%) of the combined heart failure population, 58 (82.9%) of the subjects with HFNEF group and 76(71%) of the HFLEF group. Females accounted for 44 (62.9%) of the subjects with HFNEF against 42(39.3%) in the HFLEF group (p = 0.002).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The frequency of heart failure with normal EF in this native African cohort with heart failure is comparable with the frequency in other populations. These groups of patients are more likely female, hypertensive with concentric pattern of left ventricular hypertrophy.</p

Characterization techniques for studying the properties of nanocarriers for systemic delivery

Nanocarriers have attracted a huge interest in the last decade as efficient drug delivery systems and diagnostic tools. They enable effective, targeted, controlled delivery of therapeutic molecules while lowering the side effects caused during the treatment. The physicochemical properties of nanoparticles determine their in vivo pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and tolerability. The most analyzed among these physicochemical properties are shape, size, surface charge and porosity and several techniques have been used to characterize these specific properties. These different techniques assess the particles under varying conditions, such as physical state, solvents etc. and as such probe, in addition to the particles themselves, artifacts due to sample preparation or environment during measurement. Here, we discuss the different methods to precisely evaluate these properties, including their advantages or disadvantages. In several cases, there are physical properties that can be evaluated by more than one technique. Different strengths and limitations of each technique complicate the choice of the most suitable method, while often a combinatorial characterization approach is needed