Witnessing and re-enacting in Cambodia: reflection on shifting testimonies

Thirty years after the collapse of the Khmer Rouge regime (1975-1979) how do Cambodians cope with the traumatic legacy of Pol Pot's reign of terror? What forms does witnessing take on in post-socialist and transitional Cambodia as senior Khmer Rouge leaders await prosecution at the Cambodian Tribunal? The paper examines aspects of witnessing in today's Cambodia, expressing each in its own way the idea of the 'shifting' of witnessing: the transformation of testimonies due to time passing and contrasted systems of justice through a comparison of testimonies in the trial of the 'Pol Pot/Ieng Sary clique' (1979) and the current Cambodian Tribunal; the complex forms of witnessing emerging from participatory projects developed with Western authors in 'We want (u) to know' (documentary movie made by an international film crew with the inhabitants of the village of Thnol Lok in 2009) and 'Breaking the silence' (theatre play realised by the Dutch dramaturge Annemarie Prins that premiered in Phnom Penh in 2009 and toured Cambodia in the following years); the relationship between documentary and legal forms of witnessing through the example of Vann Nath, a survivor of S-21/Tuol Sleng, the prison where the Khmer Rouge tortured and killed thousands of their fellow countrymen. The paper analyses the difficulty Western organisers of participatory projects experienced in applying the hybrid model of transitional justice to sociocultural contexts of witnessing. Nevertheless it points out their contribution to processes of 'recognition beyond recognition' in which cultural differences in coming to terms with historical trauma are expressed and recorded

Role of oxygen flow rate on the structure and stoichiometry of cobalt oxide films deposited by reactive sputtering

The influence of the oxygen gas supply on the stoichiometry, structure, and orientation texture of polycrystalline cobalt oxide films was investigated in this study. The films were grown by direct current reactive magnetron sputtering using a metallic Co target and different O2 inlet flow rates (0.5-5.0 SCCM). The deposition power (80 W), the argon gas flow (40 SCCM), and the total working pressure (0.67 Pa) were kept constant during depositions. The results evidence a strong influence of the oxygen flow over the film's stoichiometry and structure, where low oxygen flows (2.5 SCCM) favor the spinel Co3O4 phase formation. The coexistence of monoxide and tetraoxide phases is only observed for the 2.5 SCCM oxygen flow condition. Strain effects related to the oxygen partial pressure are also observed and discussed. Computer simulations of the reactive sputtering growth supported the analysis of the film properties and its correlation to the oxygen partial pressure.Faculdade de Ciências Universidade Estadual Paulista, São PauloLaboratório de Plasmas e Processos - LPP Instituto Tecnológico de AeronáUtica, São PauloFaculdade de Ciências Universidade Estadual Paulista, São Paul

Niobium oxide films deposited by reactive sputtering: Effect of oxygen flow rate

Reactive sputtering is a versatile technique used to form compact films with excellent homogeneity. In addition, it allows easy control over deposition parameters such as gas flow rate that results in changes on composition and thus in the film required properties. In this report, reactive sputtering is used to deposit niobium oxide films. A niobium target is used as metal source and different oxygen flow rates to deposit niobium oxide films. The oxygen flow rate was changed from 3 to 10 sccm. The films deposited under low oxygen flow rates show higher electrical conductivity and provide better perovskite solar cells when used as electron transport layer.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Chemistry Department Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCAR)Physics Department School of Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP)Physics Department School of Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP)FAPESP: 2013/07296-2FAPESP: 2013/09963-6FAPESP: 2017/11072-3FAPESP: 2017/18916-

The role of Nb2O5deposition process on perovskite solar cells

Two different methods are used to deposit Nb2O5 as compact electron transport layers in n-i-p double cation mixed-halide perovskite Cs0.17FA0.83Pb(I0.83Br0.17)3 solar cells: reactive sputtering and spin coating. These different Nb2O5 films influenced perovskite growth and the charge transport in the cells. Photovoltaic parameters were obtained with an average power conversion efficiency of 17.0% and 15.7% for the devices based on sputtered and spin-coated Nb2O5, respectively. The mobility and the extracted charges were higher in sputtered Nb2O5-based devices than in the spin-coated ones. This effect is attributed to the larger grain sizes observed in the perovskite films when deposited onto the sputtered Nb2O5 layers. The higher densities of grain boundaries in the spin-coated Nb2O5-based devices increase ion diffusion and are expected to decrease efficiency.School of Sciences Department of Physics São Paulo State University (UNESP), SPCentro de Inovações CSEM Brasil, MGSchool of Sciences POSMAT-Post-Graduate Program in Materials Science and Technology São Paulo State University (UNESP), SPSchool of Sciences Department of Chemics São Paulo State University (UNESP), SPSchool of Sciences Department of Physics São Paulo State University (UNESP), SPSchool of Sciences POSMAT-Post-Graduate Program in Materials Science and Technology São Paulo State University (UNESP), SPSchool of Sciences Department of Chemics São Paulo State University (UNESP), S

Obedience and Evil: From Milgram and Kampuchea to Normal Organizations

obedience, Khmer Rouge, children soldiers, organized violence, Pol Pot,