2,927 research outputs found
The Conceptual World of the Ghadarites
The Ghadar movement is framed by scholars variously as socialist or protocommunist, anarchist, secular or religious nationalist. These theoretical frames developed in the European historical contexts to oppose liberalism and modernism.Framing historical experiences of colonialism and resistance to it by using theories developed in radically different conditions of European capitalism and Enlightenment, disrupts history-writing and the historical consciousness of people in the Third World. This article examines the historical consciousness that guided Ghadar resistance to colonial rule. How are we to understand the distinction between system and âlifeworldâ that Jurgen Habermas makes in a context where the âsystemâ is capitalist /imperialist/ modernist and the âlifeworldâ is South Asian/ Indian Enlightenment/ colonial? What was the âlifeworldâ of the Ghadar leaders that informed their understanding of nationalism and state, secularism and religion, liberation and justice? Theories contribute to creating historical consciousness and identity by showing us a view of the world that we can identify with, by providing a sense of continuity with the past. Disruption of South Asiaâs historical consciousness has had profound consequences for the people of the subcontinent. This article locates Ghadar consciousness in the structural transformations of South Asia after the end of the First War of Independence in 1857 known as the Great Ghadar. The paper takes common theoretical lenses used to analyse the Ghadar movement in academic scholarship: secular and ethno-religious nationalism, anarchism and socialism as its point of departure to sketch the theoretical and philosophical routes through which Ghadar leaders arrived at comparable values and political positions. It shows how they could be secular, religious, anarchist and socialist simultaneously. The Ghadar movement is important because it is the last major resistance movement that saw South Asia through South Asian lenses and attempted to address problems of colonialism and national independence in ways that was consistent with Indian historical consciousness and cultural and intellectual traditions
Victor's Law?: colonial peoples, World War II and international law
Contemporary world order rests on a fault-line. On the one hand it is an interstate system founded on the legal equality of all states. On the other hand it establishes institutions that privilege a small number of states in economy and politics. This article examines the fault-line, which has widened in recent times and threatens to destabilise the order established after the end of World War II. The âworldâ in World wars is because of the global scope of the inter-European wars. The world wars were fought over colonies, in colonial territories, with the manpower and material resources of the colonies. Yet dominant narratives about the world wars speak about the wars as a European war between European nations and write-out colonial questions, colonial contributions and more importantly for this article the colonial impulses in the writing of contemporary international law and establishment of international organisations. This paper examines the human, monetary and material contributions of India in World War II. Britain was the preeminent Empire during the world wars and India the âjewel in the British Crownâ. India was crucial to British conduct of the world wars. At the same time racism and repression during the interwar period fuelled powerful anti-colonial movements in India. Those struggles ended the British Empire. The irony of racism against millions of people who fought and died for Britain presents many perplexing questions about the legacies of World War II for racism and international law. This article examines the responses of different European powers to the independence movements in India during the world wars and argues that the responses of different Empires of the time to the anti-colonial struggles holds the cues to understanding the widening fault-line in the international order today
Mass estimates from stellar proper motions: The mass of Centauri
We lay out and apply methods to use proper motions of individual kinematic
tracers for estimating the dynamical mass of star clusters. We first describe a
simple projected mass estimator and then develop an approach that evaluates
directly the likelihood of the discrete kinematic data given the model
predictions. Those predictions may come from any dynamical modelling approach,
and we implement an analytic King model, a spherical isotropic Jeans equation
model and an axisymmetric, anisotropic Jeans equation model.We apply these
approaches to the enigmatic globular cluster omega Centauri, combining the
proper motion from van Leeuwen et al (2000) with improved photometric cluster
membership probabilities. We show that all mass estimates based on spherical
isotropic models yield , where our modelling allows us to show how the statistical precision of
this estimate improves as more proper motion data of lower signal-to-noise are
included. MLM predictions, based on an anisotropic axisymmetric Jeans model,
indicate for Cen that the inclusion of anisotropies is not important
for the mass estimates, but that accounting for the flattening is: flattened
models imply , 10%
lower than when restricting the analysis to a spherical model. The best current
distance estimates imply an additional uncertainty in the mass estimate of 12%.Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRA
The Massive End of the Stellar Mass Function
We derive average flux corrections to the \texttt{Model} magnitudes of the
Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) galaxies by stacking together mosaics of
similar galaxies in bins of stellar mass and concentration. Extra flux is
detected in the outer low surface brightness part of the galaxies, leading to
corrections ranging from 0.05 to 0.32 mag for the highest stellar mass
galaxies. We apply these corrections to the MPA-JHU (Max-Planck Institute for
Astrophysics - John Hopkins University) stellar masses for a complete sample of
half a million galaxies from the SDSS survey to derive a corrected galaxy
stellar mass function at in the stellar mass range
. We find that the flux corrections and the use
of the MPA-JHU stellar masses have a significant impact on the massive end of
the stellar mass function, making the slope significantly shallower than that
estimated by Li \& White (2009), but steeper than derived by Bernardi et al.
(2013). This corresponds to a mean comoving stellar mass density of galaxies
with stellar masses that is a factor of 3.36
larger than the estimate by Li \& White (2009), but is 43\% smaller than
reported by Bernardi et al. (2013).Comment: 11 pages, 8 figures, Accepted to MNRA
The Ghadar Movement: Why socialists should learn about it
Introduction to Special issue on the Ghadar Movement
Parametrizing the Stellar Haloes of Galaxies
We study the stellar haloes of galaxies out to 70-100 kpc as a function of
stellar mass and galaxy type by stacking aligned and band images from a
sample of 45508 galaxies from SDSS DR9 in the redshift range
and in the mass range r. We derive surface brightness profiles to a depth of
almost . We find that the
ellipticity of the stellar halo is a function of galaxy stellar mass and that
the haloes of high concentration () galaxies are more elliptical than
those of low concentration () galaxies. The - colour profile of
high concentration galaxies reveals that the - colour of the stellar
population in the stellar halo is bluer than in the main galaxy, and the colour
of the stellar halo is redder for higher mass galaxies. We further demonstrate
that the full two-dimensional surface intensity distribution of our galaxy
stacks can only be fit through multi-component S\'{e}rsic models. Using the
fraction of light in the outer component of the models as a proxy for the
fraction of accreted stellar light, we show that this fraction is a function of
stellar mass and galaxy type. For high concentration galaxies, the fraction of
accreted stellar light rises from to for galaxies in the stellar
mass range from to . The fraction of
accreted light is much smaller in low concentration systems, increasing from
to over the same mass range. This work provides important
constraints for the theoretical understanding of the formation of stellar
haloes of galaxies.Comment: Submitted to MNRAS, 18 pages, 19 figure
Degree Distribution of Competition-Induced Preferential Attachment Graphs
We introduce a family of one-dimensional geometric growth models, constructed
iteratively by locally optimizing the tradeoffs between two competing metrics,
and show that this family is equivalent to a family of preferential attachment
random graph models with upper cutoffs. This is the first explanation of how
preferential attachment can arise from a more basic underlying mechanism of
local competition. We rigorously determine the degree distribution for the
family of random graph models, showing that it obeys a power law up to a finite
threshold and decays exponentially above this threshold.
We also rigorously analyze a generalized version of our graph process, with
two natural parameters, one corresponding to the cutoff and the other a
``fertility'' parameter. We prove that the general model has a power-law degree
distribution up to a cutoff, and establish monotonicity of the power as a
function of the two parameters. Limiting cases of the general model include the
standard preferential attachment model without cutoff and the uniform
attachment model.Comment: 24 pages, one figure. To appear in the journal: Combinatorics,
Probability and Computing. Note, this is a long version, with complete
proofs, of the paper "Competition-Induced Preferential Attachment"
(cond-mat/0402268
Progressive modularization: Reframing our understanding of typical and atypical language development
The ability to acquire language is a critical part of human development. Yet there is no consensus on how the skill emerges in early development. Does it constitute an innately-specified, language-processing module or is it acquired progressively? One of Annette Karmiloff-Smithâs (1938â2016) key contributions to developmental science addresses this very question. Karmiloff-Smith persistently maintained that the process of development itself constitutes a crucial factor in phenotypic outcomes. She proposed that cognitive modules gradually emerge through a developmental process â âprogressive modularizationâ. This concept helped to advance the field beyond the stale natureânurture controversy. It enabled language researchers to develop more nuanced transactional frameworks that take seriously the integration of genes and environment. In homage to Karmiloff-Smith, the current article describes the importance of her work to the field of developmental psychology and language research. It examines how the concept of progressive modularization could be applied to language development as well as how it has greatly advanced our understanding of language difficulties in children with neurodevelopmental disorders. Finally, it discusses how Karmiloff-Smithâs approach is inspiring current and future research
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