The Positivism of Auguste Comte

A man lives according to the philosophy of life he holds. There have been many philosophers of prominence that have been studied, read and quoted but few were as interesting as Comte. By his great diligence and thinking, Comte was driven to a mental unbalance but he recuperated to finish his work on a social reconstruction of the days after the French Revolution. He had a great idea, if it would only have worked out, but alas, his basic hypothesis was wrong and he had no verification for his opinions. The title that was selected was done so with the idea in mind of having a title completely enfolding the scope of the thesis and the selected title seems to do so. Comte, his life, his works, his philosophy, and a criticism of his philosophy are all contained herein

The Double Jeopardy Clause of the Pennsylvania Constitution Does Not Bar the Death Penalty upon Retrial after the Trial Judge Grants a Life Sentence on Behalf of a Hung Jury: \u3cem\u3eCommonwealth v. Sattazahn\u3c/em\u3e

The Pennsylvania Supreme Court held that the Double Jeopardy Clause of the Pennsylvania Constitution does not bar the imposition of the death penalty upon retrial when, in the original sentencing hearing, the trial judge grants a life sentence on behalf of a hung jury. Commonwealth v. Sattazahn, 763 A.2d 359 (Pa. 2000

Is the coarse-grid Global Climate Model a useful tool for regional paleoclimate reconstruction?

This study considers the climate at the time of the Weichselian ice sheet maximum in Central Europe, especially in Poland, in respect of the NASA Educational version of Global Climate Model (EdGCM). The final results of the EdGCM simulations for the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) are presented here and these have been analysed to determine whether or not they are useful for regional scale modelling; the problem being that, in a global climate model, both horizontal and vertical grid resolution is very low. Also, an attempt has been made to define the role of the ice megalobe which, in terms of the numerical coarse-grid model,covered the northern parts of Germany and Poland. The broad details of the climate during the Weichselian are defined and our results are compared with previous opinion. The influence of ice megalobe on regional climate is demonstrated and it is also concluded that a coarse-grid global climate model could be a helpful tool in a regional climate recognition. However, whether at a regional or local scale, it is recommended that a specially-configured version of a Regional Climate Model (RCM) based on Global Climate Model (GCM) boundary conditions be used in similar reconstructions

Pain problem in patients in palliative home care

Aim of the study: The aim of the study is to determine the intensity and nature of pain and treatment methods, as well as to assess the patient's sense of comfort in palliative care in the home environment.   Material and methods: Research using the diagnostic survey method, using the PAPI (Paper & Pen Personal Interview) technique, was carried out among patients in palliative care provided by the home care team in March and April 2022. The study included 55 palliative patients under the care of the home palliative care team in the following cities: Warszawa, Kraków, Sosnowiec and the poviats of Stalowa Wola, Tarnobrzeg and Sandomierz. Results: Of the 55 patients studied, the majority of 50.9% (n = 28) were men. The vast majority of 90.9% (n = 50) of people replied that pain was present, but patients were taking pain medications. Pain in the majority of patients, 65.5% (n = 36), it was felt at any time during the day. On the NRS scale, pain intensity ranging from 4 to 7 points was assessed by 61.8% of patients. Among the symptoms associated with pain, patients indicated the following as very severe: fatigue and weariness (63.6%), drowsiness (41.8%), nervousness (40.0%), depression (38.2%), difficulty concentrating (32.7%), lack of energy, weakness (30.9%), worry (36.4%), apathy (36.4%), dry mouth (34.5%). The average result on the comfort scale in the group of patients is M = 34.50; SD = 5.04. There was a statistically significant correlation between satisfaction with care and the level of perceived comfort (p = 0.014). Conclusions: In the group of palliative patients treated at home, "pain" is one of their main ailments. Most patients take painkillers to reduce or completely eliminate the pain. However, the symptoms associated with it remain. Patients who strongly indicated satisfaction with care had a significantly higher level of comfort compared to other patient

Application of Volatile Compounds Analysis for Distinguishing between Red Wines from Poland and from Other European Countries

Authenticity and the geographical origin of wines are terms of great importance for consumers and producers. This work is focused on distinguishing between red wines from Poland and from other European countries, notably France, Italy and Spain. To achieve this goal, we determined aroma compounds in wines from different countries by headspace solid-phase microextraction/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The content of hexan-1-ol in Polish wines was significantly higher (about twice as high) than in French, Italian and Spanish wines.  Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) showed that 3-(methylsulfanyl) propane-1-ol, hexan-1-ol, ethyl phenylacetate and ethyl 2-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoate were the most discriminant variables for distinguishing between wines from Poland and from other European countries.  Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) revealed that Polish wines were separated thoroughly from the other wines based on ethyl phenylacetate, hexan-1-ol, ethyl 2-hydroxy-4-methylpentanoate, (E)-3-hexen-1-ol, 2-phenylethanol and 3-(methylsulfanyl)propan-1-ol, which is important for preventing possible frauds

Lateral grating DFB AlGaInN laser diodes for optical communications and atomic clocks

AlGaInN laser diode technology is of considerable interest for telecom applications and next generation atomic optical clocks based on Sr (by using 422nm & 461nm) and Rb at 420.2nm.Very narrow linewidths (<1MHz) are required for such applications. We report lateral gratings on AlGaInN ridge waveguide laser diodes to achieve a single wavelength device with a good side mode suppression ratio (SMSR) that is suitable for atomic clock and telecom applications

Free-space and underwater GHz data transmission using AlGaInN laser diode technology

Laser diodes fabricated from the AlGaInN material system is an emerging technology for defence and security applications; in particular for free space laser communication. Conventional underwater communication is done acoustically with very slow data rates, short reach, and vulnurable for interception. AlGaInN blue-green laser diode technology allows the possibility of both airbourne links and underwater telecom that operate at very fast data rates (GHz), long reach (100’s of metres underwater) and can also be quantum encrypted. The latest developments in AlGaInN laser diode technology are reviewed for defence and security applications. The AlGaInN material system allows for laser diodes to be fabricated over a very wide range of wavelengths from u.v., ~380nm, to the visible ~530nm, by tuning the indium content of the laser GaInN quantum well. Ridge waveguide laser diode structures are fabricated to achieve single mode operation with optical powers of <100mW. Visible light communications at high frequency (up to 2.5 Gbit/s) using a directly modulated 422nm Galliumnitride (GaN) blue laser diode is reported in free-space and underwate