The king cobra genome reveals dynamic gene evolution and adaptation in the snake venom system

10.1073/pnas.1314702110Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America1105120651-20656PNAS

Avaliação nutricional de estratégias de suplementação para bovinos de corte durante a estação da seca Nutritional evaluation of supplementation strategies for beef cattle during the dry season

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da frequência de oferta de suplementos proteicos sobre as características nutricionais de bovinos de corte em pastejo durante o período de seca. Utilizaram-se cinco novilhos mestiços Nelore nãocastrados, com peso médio inicial de 290 kg, fistulados no esôfago e rúmen e distribuídos em delineamento quadrado latino 5 &#215; 5. A área experimental foi composta de cinco piquetes de Brachiaria decumbens, cada um com 0,40 hectare. O experimento foi composto de cinco períodos experimentais de 15 dias, com os sete primeiros dias destinados à adaptação dos animais. As estratégias estudadas foram autocontrole de consumo e oferta de suplementos (1,0 kg/dia) em três frequências: 3 vezes/semana (às segundas, quartas e sextas-feiras), 5 vezes/semana (de segunda a sexta-feira), 6 vezes/semana (de segunda a sábado) e diariamente. Não houve efeito das frequencias de suplementação sobre os consumos expressos em kg/dia ou % PV. A frequência de suplementação teve efeito nas digestibilidades aparentes total e ruminal da MS e da PB, que foram maiores nos animais do grupo autocontrole. Os valores médios de pH observados no dia em que os animais não receberam suplemento foram de: 6,54±0,13; 6,48 ± 0,15 e 6,61 ± 0,07, respectivamente, para as frequências 3 vezes/semana, 5 vezes/semana e 6 vezes/semana. A concentração do NH3 foi 14,65 ± 5,78; 13,57 ± 5,30 e 15,30 ± 4,98 mg/dL de líquido ruminal, respectivamente, para as frequências 3 vezes/semana, 5 vezes/semana e 6 vezes/semana nos dias em que os animais não receberam suplemento. As eficiências microbianas e as concentrações de nitrogênio na urina e no soro sanguíneo são afetadas pelas estratégias estudadas e maiores nos animais alimentados com suplemento autocontrole.<br>The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the frequency of protein supplementation on the nutritional characteristics of beef cattle during the dry season. Five Nellore crossbred steer were used 290.0 kg LW, fistulated in the rumen and esophagus, distributed in a 5 &#215; 5 Latin square design. The experimental area consisted of five 0.40 ha Brachiaria decumbens paddocks. The experiment consisted of five 15-day experimental periods, with the first seven days for the animals to adapt. The strategies studied were: self-feed supplementation and supplementation (1.0 kg/animal/day) offered at three frequencies: three times/week (Monday, Wednesday and Friday), five times/week (Monday to Friday) and six times/week (Monday to Saturday) and daily. There were no effects of the different strategies on the intake expressed in kg/day or LW percentage. The supplementation frequency affected the total DM apparent digestibility and ruminal crude protein apparent digestibility that were higher in the self-feed supplementation group. The mean pH values, observed on the day when the animals were not supplemented were: 6.54 ± 0.13; 6.48 ± 0.15 and 6.61 ± 0.07, respectively for, the frequencies 3 times/week, 5 times/ week and 6 times/week. The NH3 concentration was: 14.65 ± 5.78; 13.57 ± 5.30 and 15.30 ± 4.98 mg/dL ruminal liquid, respectively, for the frequencies 3 times/week, 5 times/week and 6 times/week, on days without supplementation. The microbial efficiency and nitrogen concentrations in the urine and serum are affected by the strategies studied and are higher in the animals fed self feed supplementation

Clinical validation of cutoff target ranges in newborn screening of metabolic disorders by tandem mass spectrometry: A worldwide collaborative project

PURPOSE:: To achieve clinical validation of cutoff values for newborn screening by tandem mass spectrometry through a worldwide collaborative effort. METHODS:: Cumulative percentiles of amino acids and acylcarnitines in dried blood spots of approximately 25-30 million normal newborns and 10,742 deidentified true positive cases are compared to assign clinical significance, which is achieved when the median of a disorder range is, and usually markedly outside, either the 99th or the 1st percentile of the normal population. The cutoff target ranges of analytes and ratios are then defined as the interval between selected percentiles of the two populations. When overlaps occur, adjustments are made to maximize sensitivity and specificity taking all available factors into consideration. RESULTS:: As of December 1, 2010, 130 sites in 45 countries have uploaded a total of 25,114 percentile data points, 565,232 analyte results of true positive cases with 64 conditions, and 5,341 cutoff values. The average rate of submission of true positive cases between December 1, 2008, and December 1, 2010, was 5.1 cases/day. This cumulative evidence generated 91 high and 23 low cutoff target ranges. The overall proportion of cutoff values within the respective target range was 42% (2,269/5,341). CONCLUSION:: An unprecedented level of cooperation and collaboration has allowed the objective definition of cutoff target ranges for 114 markers to be applied to newborn screening of rare metabolic disorders. © 2011 Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins