Effect of grafting on phenology, susceptibility to Phytophthora cinnamomi and hormone profile of chestnut

Ink disease caused by the root-rot pathogen P. cinnamomi (Pc) threatens European sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) orchards, and growers increasingly graft susceptible C. sativa traditional varieties on Pc-resistant hybrid commercial rootstocks. The influence of the scion, the rootstock, and grafting per se on the vegetative budburst, growth, susceptibility to Pc and defence-related hormone profile of Castanea spp. are unknown. In a greenhouse experiment, these effects were evaluated by reciprocally grafting two Pc resistant C. crenata x C. sativa clones and two Pc susceptible C. sativa clones. Resistance to Pc and the hormone content of leaves and roots were rootstock-dependent, and survival rates of susceptible chestnuts strongly increased when grafted on resistant rootstocks. The scion had no effect on the resistance to Pc and the hormone profile of leaves and roots of grafted trees, but influenced vegetative budburst and primary growth. Grafting per se increased susceptibility to Pc and altered the defence-related phytohormone content of trees, especially in resistant rootstocks, but did not influence budburst and growth of trees. Grafting-induced alteration of the constitutive defense-related hormone profile could explain the increased susceptibility of resistant rootstocks to Pc. Nine days after infection, a dynamic hormonal response consisting of decreased jasmonates (JA and JA-Ile) in leaves and increased ABA and JA-Ile in roots was observed in resistant chestnuts. This is the first study addressing the role of grafting in modulating resistance to the soil-borne pathogen Pc in chestnut trees

Influence of Quercus ilex trees on herbaceous production and nutrient concentrations in southern Portugal

In an open woodland in Portugal, the nature of interactions between Quercus ilex trees and herbaceous plants was assessed during 2 years by studying how manipulation of incident solar radiation, water and nutrient supply affect the herbaceous biomass and N, K, P, Ca, Mg, and Mn concentrations. Measurements were carried out in three environments consisting of (1) open grassland, (2) beneath the tree canopy, and (3) under artificial shade. Each of these environments was subjected to two regimes of fertilization and two water levels in a factorial design. The fertilizer treatment consisted of application of no fertilizer or a combination of 200 kg calcium ammonium nitrate ha–1 (26% N) and 350 kg superphosphate ha–1 (8% P), while the water-supply treatment consisted of either no irrigation or irrigation fortnightly from February 1 to April 30. Grasses showed significantly lower nutrient concentrations than forbs. However, nutrient concentrations of the whole herbaceous community were within the recommended ranges for cattle nutrition. A negative effect of shade on herbaceous biomass production was observed. The effect of watering on herbaceous biomass was less prominent than the effect of fertilization, irrespective of the environment, suggesting that Q. ilex does not compete for soil-water resources with herbaceous biomass in this ecosystem. Fertilization increased total biomass by 106%, 49%, and 97% in the open grassland, beneath the tree canopy, and under artificial shade, respectively. During the first and second year, fertilization increased herbaceous P concentrations by 24% and 83%, respectively, if compared with concentrations obtained at the unfertilized plots. Higher K and Mg concentrations were observed in herbaceous plants beneath the tree canopy than in the open areas, indicating a positive effect of trees on pasture quality. The positive and negative effects of trees on understory forage are discusse

The N-P-K soil nutrient balance of portuguese cropland in the 1950s: the transition from organic to chemical fertilization

Agricultural nutrient balances have been receiving increasing attention in both historical and nutrient management research. The main objectives of this study were to further develop balance methodologies and to carry out a comprehensive assessment of the functioning and nutrient cycling of 1950s agroecosystems in Portugal. Additionally, the main implications for the history of agriculture in Portugal were discussed from the standpoint of soil fertility. We used a mass balance approach that comprises virtually all nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) inputs and outputs from cropland topsoil for average conditions in the period 1951–56. We found a consistent deficit in N, both for nationwide (−2.1 kg.ha−1.yr−1) and arable crops (−1.6 kg.ha−1.yr−1) estimates, that was rectified in the turn to the 1960 decade. P and K were, in contrast, accumulating in the soil (4.2–4.6 kg.ha−1.yr−1 and 1.0–3.0 kg.ha−1.yr−1, respectively). We observed that the 1950s is the very moment of inflection from an agriculture fertilized predominantly through reused N in biomass (livestock excretions plus marine, plant and human waste sources) to one where chemical fertilizers prevailed. It is suggested that N deficiency played an important role in this transitioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

05462 Abstracts Collection -- Service Oriented Computing (SOC)

From 15.11.05 to 18.11.05, the Dagstuhl Seminar 05462 ``Service Oriented Computing (SOC)\u27\u27 was held in the International Conference and Research Center (IBFI), Schloss Dagstuhl. During the seminar, several participants presented their current research, and ongoing work and open problems were discussed. Abstracts of the presentations given during the seminar as well as abstracts of seminar results and ideas are put together in this paper. The first section describes the seminar topics and goals in general. Links to extended abstracts or full papers are provided, if available

Kaleidoscope Eyes: The Power of Point of View

As children, one of the most mesmerizing toys available is the kaleidoscope: a magical world of colors and shapes that, with a simple twist of the wrist, transforms before our very eyes into something new. The magic of stories is similar in this regard. It is in the sudden nuances and shifts in the telling--how the words are carefully woven together to speak to the audience--that pulls readers into the story like a well-cast net. Point of view is the manner in which a story is told, either from a first, second, or third person point of view. The concept of narration works in tandem with point of view and is the voice that speaks through whichever of the points of view that is utilized. By properly understanding the rhetorical purposes of each narrative option and the opportunities they allow within a text, it becomes easier to understand how point of view can enhance or inhibit a written work. My research explores narrative voice in The Brothers Karamazov by Fyodor Dostoevsky and The Short Day Dying by Peter Hobbs. Through utilizing the study of narratology, which compared to the more casual terminology of first person and third person narrators explores more complete answers regarding narration through homodiegetic and heterodiegetic terms, my research argues that it is not in the plot or theme that a story comes to life: it is in how it is told

Using games to improve phonographic perceptions for children aged 5 to 6 years with insufficient development of the language system

Diplomdarba tēma: „Rotaļu izmantošana fonemātiskās uztveres pilnveidošanai 5 – 6 gadus veciem bērniem ar valodas sistēmas nepietiekamu attīstību”. Darba autore: Rita Cubera Darba mērķis - teorētiski analizēt un praktiski pētīt fonemātisko uztveri bērniem ar valodas sistēmas nepietiekamo attīstību, izmantojot rotaļu paņēmienus. Darba pirmajā nodaļā, atsaucoties uz vairāku autoru atziņām, tika analizēta 5 – 6 gadu vecuma bērnu runas un valodas attīstība, bērnu kognitīvo procesu attīstība un valodas sistēmas nepietiekamās attīstības būtība un tās ietekme uz fonemātiskās uztveres attīstību bērniem ar valodas sistēmas nepietiekamu attīstību. Pirmsskolas vecumā galvenais darbības veids ir rotaļa, tāpēc tika analizēta vairāku autoru atziņas par rotaļu veidiem un ietekmi uz bērnu attīstību pirmsskolas vecumā. Teorētiskās atziņas galvenokārt balstās uz S.Tūbeles, I.Miltiņas, I.Stangaine, D.Dzintere, Л.Волкова, Р.Галкина, Т.Филичева, Г.Чиркина u.c. teorētiskajām atziņām. Darba otrajā nodaļā ir veikta bērnu runas un valodas pārbaude un pārbaudes rezultātu analīze. Atsevišķi tika padziļināti pētīta fonemātiskās uztveres attīstības līmenis bērniem ar valodas sistēmas nepietiekamu attīstību. Darba autore piemeklēja un aprakstīja rotaļas un spēles fonemātiskās uztveres pilnveidošanai. Analizējot iegūtos pētījuma rezultātus, saskaņā ar pārbaudes rezultātiem, darba autore secina, ka ar atbilstošām rotaļu metodēm bērniem ar valodas sistēmas nepietiekamu attīstību fonemātiskās uztveres attīstības apjoms var pilnveidoties. Diplomdarba saturā ir 66 lpp., 12 attēli, 7 tabulas, 4 pielikumi un 54 literatūras un informācijas avoti. Atslēgas vārdi: runa, valoda, valodas sistēmas nepietiekama attīstība, fonemātiskā uztvere, rotaļa.The subject of the bachelor’s paper: „Using games to improve phonographic perceptions for children aged 5 to 6 years with insufficient development of the language system”. Author of the bachelor’s paper: Rita Cubera. The aim of this work is to analyse theoretically and to study practically phonetic perception for children with the insufficient level of the language system using playing techniques. In the first part of the bachelor paper, regarding to the fndings of a number of authors, was analysed the development of speech and language for 5 to 6 years old children, the development of cognitive processes for children and its impact on the development of phonographic perceptions for children with insufficient development of the language system. In pre-school age the main type of activity is a game, so number of authors’ knowledge about the types of games and its impact on children development at pre-school age was analysed. The theoretical findings are based mainly on the theoretical findings of S. Tūbele, I. Miltiņa, I. Stangaine, D. Dzintere, Л. Волкова, Р. Галкина, Т. Филичева, Г. Чиркина, etc. In the second part of the work the analyses of the child’s speech and language and checked the results of analyses was done. Separately the level of development of phonetic perceptions for children with insufficient development of the language system was studied in depth. The author found and described games and plays for improving phonographic perceptions. In analysing the results of the study according to the results of the examination the author concludes that with appropriate playing methods for children with insufficient development of the language system, the volume of development of phonic perception can be improved. The bachelor 66 paper consists of 12 pictures, 7 tabels, 4 annexes and 54 sources of literature and information. Key words: speech, language, insufficient development of the language system, phonetic perception, playing, games

Word of mouth marketing as a form of communication used in social media.

Niniejsza praca ma na celu określenie wykorzystywania marketingu szeptanego w mediach społecznościowych. Przytoczone zostały zagadnienia dotyczące komunikacji marketingowej. Wyjaśniono, czym jest marketing szeptany, a także przedstawiono charakterystykę mediów społecznościowych. Do przeprowadzenia badania został wykorzystany kwestionariusz ankiety. Przebadanych zostało stu studentów krakowskich uczelni. Przeanalizowano stosunek osób w wieku 18 do 26 lat do działań przeprowadzanych z zakresu marketingu szeptanego. Praca powstała w oparciu o zróżnicowaną literaturę o charakterze naukowym i popularnonaukowym ze względu na nowość tematu, szczególnie te dotyczące nowopowstałych mediów społecznościowych.The aim of the thesis is to determine the usage of word of mouth marketing in social media. Considerations about marketing communication were adduced. The issue of word of mouth marketing was explained, as well as the characteristics of social media. To perform the research a questionnaire has been used. A hundred students of universities in Cracow were tested. The ratio of people aged from 18 to 26 years old was examined to activities carried out in word of mouth marketing. The thesis was based on the diversified literature of scholarly and popular science character on account of the novelty of topic, especially those related to the newly established social media