Reflections around the construction of the notion of legal sanction: The essential resource to the general theory in order to distinguish the administrative sanction from the judicial penalty

Tras constatar que el entendimiento tradicional de las sanciones jurídicas se ha articulado a partir de, y en función a, la teoría del Derecho penal (cuestión que, al mismo tiempo, condiciona la configuración de otros tipos de sanciones como las administrativas y explica, siquiera en parte, la asunción de un supuesto ius puniendi único del Estado), el autor plantea que un análisis correcto y fructífero del concepto de sanción administrativa exige insertarla en el contexto más amplio de las sanciones jurídicas, en tanto se trata de una especie de esta —como, asimismo, la pena judicial— y, por tanto, su construcción teórico-dogmática debe realizarse, previamente, a partir de la teoría general del DerechoAfter verifying that the traditional understanding of legal sanctions has been articulated from, and based on, the theory of criminal law (a question that, at the same time, conditions the configuration of other types of sanctions such as administrative ones and explains, even in part, the assumption of a unique ius puniendi of the State), the author argues that a correct and fruitful analysis of the concept of administrative sanction requires inserting it into the broader context of legal sanctions, insofar as it is a kind of this -as, likewise, the judicial penalty- and, therefore, its theoretical-dogmatic construction must be carried out, previously, from the general theory of la

Apuntes bibliográficos para el Centenario

El presente artículo realiza una revisión bibliográfica profunda del tema del Centenario de Chile (1910) destacando el tratamiento santiagocentrista que se le ha dado por parte de la historiografía más tradicional. Se valorizan y reflexiona respecto de los aportes que en los últimos años se han venido dando con el propósito de complementar y hacer más omnicomprensivo el tema de estudio

Apuntes bibliográficos para el Centenario

El presente artículo realiza una revisión bibliográfica profunda del tema del Centenario de Chile (1910) destacando el tratamiento santiagocentrista que se le ha dado por parte de la historiografía más tradicional. Se valorizan y reflexiona respecto de los aportes que en los últimos años se han venido dando con el propósito de complementar y hacer más omnicomprensivo el tema de estudio

The wastewater microbiome: a novel insight for COVID-19 surveillance

Wastewater-Based Epidemiology is a tool to face and mitigate COVID-19 outbreaks by evaluating conditions in a specic community. This study aimed to analyze the microbiome proles using nanopore technology for full-length 16S rRNA sequencing in wastewater samples collected from a penitentiary (P), a residential care home (RCH), and a quarantine or health care facilities (HCF). The HCF microbiome was strongly associated with enteric bacteria previously reported in patients with chronic disease and psychological disorders. During the study, the wastewater samples from the RCH and the P were negative for SARS-CoV-2 based on qPCRs, except during the fourth week when was detected. Unexpectedly, the wastewater microbiome from RCH and P prior to week four was correlated with the samples collected from the HCF, suggesting a core bacterial community is expelled from the digest tract of individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2. We provide novel evidence that the wastewater microbiome associated with gastrointestinal manifestations appears to precede the SARS-CoV-2 detection in sewage. This nding suggests that the wastewaters microbiome can be applied as an indicator of community-wide SARS-CoV2 surveillance.This study was funded by “Fondo de Emergencia Sanitaria COVID-19, Intendencia Región de Ñuble, Chile” and FONDAP #15110027 granted by National Research and Development Agency (ANID), Chile. We also thank MINSAL and MinCiencia to support this research and provide the epidemiological data.N

Reshaping ophthalmology training after COVID-19 pandemic

Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a significant impact on practical activities and didactic teaching of residents and fellows. This survey aimed to propose long-term changes for ophthalmology training based on the changes experienced by trainees and their perception of new training opportunities. Methods An online survey was distributed to ophthalmology trainees in multiple countries. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data. Results A total of 504 analyzable responses were collected from 32 different countries. The current impact of COVID-19 pandemic was described as "severe" by most trainees (55.2%); however, the future perspective was more optimistic as demonstrated by the greater number of responses reporting a presumed "moderate" (37.3%), "mild" (14.1%) or "slight" (4.2%) long-term impact. The vast majority of trainees reported a decrease >= 50% of clinical activity (76.4%) and >75% of surgical activity (74.6%). Although an initial gap in didactic teaching has been experienced by many (55.4%), regular web-based teaching was reportedly attended by 67.7% of the respondents. A strong agreement was found regarding the worthwhile role of web-based case-presentations in clinical training (91.7%), web-based discussion of edited surgical videos (85.7%) and simulation-based practice (86.9%) in surgical training. Conclusions This survey, focusing on trainees' perspective, strongly reinforces the need to promptly include new technology-based training tools, such as web-based teaching, virtual surgical simulators, and telementoring, in long-term reorganisation of ophthalmology training to ensure its continuity and effectiveness, which would remain available even in the face of another unpredictable crisis within the health system

Reshaping ophthalmology training after COVID-19 pandemic

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a significant impact on practical activities and didactic teaching of residents and fellows. This survey aimed to propose long-term changes for ophthalmology training based on the changes experienced by trainees and their perception of new training opportunities. Methods: An online survey was distributed to ophthalmology trainees in multiple countries. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse the data. Results: A total of 504 analyzable responses were collected from 32 different countries. The current impact of COVID-19 pandemic was described as “severe” by most trainees (55.2%); however, the future perspective was more optimistic as demonstrated by the greater number of responses reporting a presumed “moderate” (37.3%), “mild” (14.1%) or “slight” (4.2%) long-term impact. The vast majority of trainees reported a decrease ≥50% of clinical activity (76.4%) and >75% of surgical activity (74.6%). Although an initial gap in didactic teaching has been experienced by many (55.4%), regular web-based teaching was reportedly attended by 67.7% of the respondents. A strong agreement was found regarding the worthwhile role of web-based case-presentations in clinical training (91.7%), web-based discussion of edited surgical videos (85.7%) and simulation-based practice (86.9%) in surgical training. Conclusions: This survey, focusing on trainees’ perspective, strongly reinforces the need to promptly include new technology-based training tools, such as web-based teaching, virtual surgical simulators, and telementoring, in long-term reorganisation of ophthalmology training to ensure its continuity and effectiveness, which would remain available even in the face of another unpredictable crisis within the health systempublishersversionPeer reviewe

La responsabilidad disciplinaria de los funcionarios públicos: un estudio introductorio

Faced the irruption of the Administrative Disciplinary Law, product of hard doctrinal and jurisprudential debate that we have seen in these recent years, the author specifies lines to contribute with a limited- for do not say nonexistent- dogmatic treatment of disciplinary accountability of public servants of our country. As an introductory study it is addressed as key issues, the nature and basis of the disciplinary authority, as well as also of administrative liability.Frente a la irrupción del Derecho Administrativo Sancionador, producto del arduo debate doctrinario y jurisprudencial, al que hemos asistido estos últimos años, el autor precisa unas líneas para contribuir al escaso -por no decir inexistente-, tratamiento dogmático de la responsabilidad disciplinaria de los funcionarios públicos de nuestro país. Siendo un estudio introductorio, se abordan, como temas principales, la naturaleza y fundamento de la potestad disciplinaria, así como también, los presupuestos de la responsabilidad administrativa

Isolated conjunctival granuloma as a first manifestation of Parinaud's oculoglandular syndrome: A case report

Purpose: Parinaud's oculo-glandular syndrome (POGS) is the most frequent manifestation of ocular bartonellosis, and usually presents with local lymphadenopathies and systemic symptoms. We present a case of isolated conjunctival granuloma as the sole manifestation of ocular bartonellosis. Observations: A 67-year-old female presented to the authors’ eye clinic with complaints of a 2-week history of unilateral red eye and chemosis. Slit lamp examination revealed an isolated bulbar conjunctival granuloma. The remainder of the eye examination was unremarkable. Topical treatment with gatifloxacin and prednisolone acetate was started. Etiological work-up was performed. General laboratory tests revealed only a mild leukocytosis, and interferon gamma-release assay and chest computed tomography were normal. Serological testing for Bartonella henselae was positive at titers of 1:1024. Three weeks after initial symptoms, lymphadenopathies, malaise, and fever appeared. Systemic azithromycin was added, which resulted in complete regression of the disease. Conclusion and importance: Conjunctival granulomas present a wide range of differential diagnoses to the practitioner. Ocular bartonellosis is a relevant cause of conjunctival granuloma. POGS should be suspected in cases of conjunctival granulomata non-responsive to local therapy. It is important to consider that other agents to treat POGS have been described and are available, and that appropriate serological tests should be performed. Keywords: Ocular bartonellosis, Conjunctival granuloma, Parinaud, Cat scratch diseas

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