Track and Field’s Influence on Race, Gender and Ethnicity in the 1930s, including the 1936 Olympic Games.

Track and field in the 1930s provided a unique opportunity for athletes of all races, gender, and ethnicities to come together and compete on an equal playing field. This helped bridge the tension and divide that existed within segregated America but also showed the power that athletics has in highlighting common human characteristics. The evidence that will primarily illustrate this comes from a number of primary sources including six oral histories conducted by the United States Holocaust Museum as well as The 1984 Los Angeles Olympics Archives. These interviews give a glimpse into what the 1936 Olympic experience was like for many of the athletes that did not receive the same level of recognition as their teammate Jesse Owens. The Pan American Games which took place in Dallas in 1937 highlighted some of the harsh realities of racism in the American South despite the meet promoters intentions of holding a “harmonious” track meet not centered around race.[1] Overall these sources will contribute to the field by highlighting track and field’s involvement in healing social divides far ahead of its time. [1]Dyreson, Mark. “The Original Pan-American Games? The 1937 Dallas Pan-American Olympics.” International Journal of the History of Sport 33, no. 1/2 (January 2016): 6–28

Track and Field’s Influence on Race, Gender, and Ethnicity in the 1930s, Including the 1936 Olympic Games.

Neal Cranston HST 499 Senior Seminar AES Abstract Track and field in the 1930s provided a unique opportunity for athletes of all races, gender, and ethnicities to come together and compete on an equal playing field. This helped bridge the tension and divide that existed within segregated America but also showed the power that athletics has in highlighting common human characteristics. The evidence that will primarily illustrate this comes from a number of primary sources including six oral histories conducted by the United States Holocaust Museum as well as The 1984 Los Angeles Olympics Archives. These interviews give a glimpse into what the 1936 Olympic experience was like for many of the athletes that did not receive the same level of recognition as their teammate Jesse Owens. The Pan American Games which took place in Dallas in 1937 highlighted some of the harsh realities of racism in the American South despite the meet promoters intentions of holding a “harmonious” track meet not centered around race.[1] Overall these sources will contribute to the field by highlighting track and field’s involvement in healing social divides far ahead of its time. [1]Dyreson, Mark. “The Original Pan-American Games? The 1937 Dallas Pan-American Olympics.” International Journal of the History of Sport 33, no. 1/2 (January 2016): 6–28

Identification of a hypoxia-regulated miRNA signature in bladder cancer and a role for miR-145 in hypoxia-dependent apoptosis

Background: Hypoxia leads to the stabilisation of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) transcription factor that drives the expression of target genes including microRNAs (miRNAs). MicroRNAs are known to regulate many genes involved in tumourigenesis. The aim of this study was to identify hypoxia-regulated miRNAs (HRMs) in bladder cancer and investigate their functional significance. Methods: Bladder cancer cell lines were exposed to normoxic and hypoxic conditions and interrogated for the expression of 384 miRNAs by qPCR. Functional studies were carried out using siRNA-mediated gene knockdown and chromatin immunoprecipitations. Apoptosis was quantified by annexin V staining and flow cytometry. Results: The HRM signature for NMI bladder cancer lines includes miR-210, miR-193b, miR-145, miR-125-3p, miR-708 and miR-517a. The most hypoxia-upregulated miRNA was miR-145. The miR-145 was a direct target of HIF-1a and two hypoxia response elements were identified within the promoter region of the gene. Finally, the hypoxic upregulation of miR-145 contributed to increased apoptosis in RT4 cells. Conclusions: We have demonstrated the hypoxic regulation of a number of miRNAs in bladder cancer. We have shown that miR- 145 is a novel, robust and direct HIF target gene that in turn leads to increased cell death in NMI bladder cancer cell lines